Forensic Science Essay

1. How are fire scenes not quite the same as normal wrongdoing scenes for specialists? Fire scenes are not quite the same as normal wrongdoing scenes in light of the fact that the proof that was at the area of the wrongdoing is in all likelihood scorched and wrecked, additionally the person who carried out the wrongdoing isn't at the wrongdoing scene ordinarily. This makes it difficult to sort out who did it or why. You will likewise simultaneously need to utilize an alternate sort of proof to sort out the wrongdoing, rather than the proof at the location of the wrongdoing. 2. What is the impact? The impact is the outward surge of gasses from the purpose of root of the bomb, it tends to be more than 7000 miles for every hour or 3129.28 meters/s. It is identified with Newton’s second law in light of the fact that the subsequent law expresses that the speeding up of an item relies upon the net power following up on it. 3. What are the two sorts of high explosives? The two sorts of high explosives are essential and auxiliary. The thing that matters is slight, essential explosives are effectively exploded and are extremely touchy to warmth and contact, optional explosives, similar to dynamite or explosive, are less delicate to warmth and grating. Essential explosives are generally not utilized in custom made bombs, due to their unpredictable nature. 4. What is a substrate control? For what reason is it done? Substrate control is an uncontaminated example of a combustible fluid. It permits Forensic researchers to contrast two examples with see whether a combustible fluid was available at that point. 5. How is the proof from a fire scene gathered? What ought to be maintained a strategic distance from? Proof from a fire scene is gathered by being put in a sealed shut holder to forestall the dissipation of combustible fluids. Glass cases just as perfect paint jars with impenetrable tops. Plastic sacks ought to be kept away from in light of the fact that they can deliver hazardous gases when they are blended in with combustible fluids. Crit thinking q’s 1. What might be the most testing piece of researching aâ fire or blast wrongdoing scene? Why? The most testing piece of exploring a fire or blast wrongdoing scene is likely gathering proof, this is on the grounds that there truly isn’t any proof left. Likewise the proof left for the most part debases rapidly so legal researchers normally must rush to gather the examples. 2. Do you think court orders ought to be required for fire scenes? Why or why not? I don't accept warrants ought to be required for fire scenes in light of the fact that sincerely what’s there truly left to look, dislike I’m experiencing your home, I’m experiencing a scene of a fire. In spite of the fact that I comprehend why some may figure you ought to require a warrant as a result of the way that nobody likes to be blamed for a wrongdoing. 3. Do you figure more nations ought to receive the act of putting shading coded contributes dangerous materials? Why or why not? I do accept that shading coded chips ought to be utilized in light of the fact that utilizing shading coded chips can help get crooks, additionally it makes it much simpler to follow where the materials go to and in the event that they are utilized to make a bomb. 4. For what reason do you think wrongdoing scenes including custom made bombs have expanded? I think wrongdoing scenes including custom made bombs have expanded on the grounds that the materials expected to cause natively constructed bombs to have been simpler to get your hands on, 5. For what reason do you think the techniques are unique in relation to ordinary wrongdoing scenes to those including fire and blasts? What advantages or difficulties are there in view of these various techniques? I think the methodology are not quite the same as an ordinary case to one including fire and blasts, as a result of the measure of proof that is left and the how risky the locales are considerably after a fire or dangerous has gone off. A portion of the advantages are that proof can be gathered quicker as a result of the speedier reaction time.

ww2 essays

ww2 articles What is war? Websters Encyclopedic Dictionary depicts it as: an outfitted conflict between countries or groups in a similar country. That is the means by which a word reference portrays it, yet actually, it is something much more terrible. War is the exemplification of what's up with human instinct. War is pulverizing. Maybe no other war was as destroying as World War II. (1)World War II slaughtered more individuals, pulverized more property, upset more lives, and had more sweeping outcomes than some other war ever. It achieved the ruin of Western Europe as the focal point of force to be reckoned with and prompted the ascent of the Soviet Union. The advancement of the nuclear bomb in 1945 would start atomic war. There is nobody basic reason to World War II. There were numerous causes, the vast majority of which became out of World War I. World War II was known as the war to put to shame all other wars. Rather than fixing old issues, it really crated new ones. Germany was frantic at the Allies for making it free its domain. It lost one eighth of its property, and its military and naval force were practically cleaned away. On the off chance that Germany at any point got solid once more, it would look for retribution. On September 1, 1939, the German armed force raged over the outskirts of Poland. First came the stuka, plunge aircraft that shot the Polish planes on the ground. At that point the German pilots besieged significant railways and parkways. After that came the bike infantry the quick fighters that moved in to complete the activity. This was another sort of war utilized by the Germans known as Blitzkrieg, which is a German word meaning lightning war. The German troopers were prepared for this and the Polish soil was level and spot on for it. Poland got no opportunity against the German armed force. Its military got no opportunity to retaliate or even retreat. Poland was overpowered. Inside about fourteen days, Germans encompassed Warsaw, the greatest city in Poland. In a li... <! ww2 articles The United States entered WWI in 1917 in the wake of being nonpartisan for a long time. Germany had pushed the U.S. ever nearer to war by completing a few things. At last the U.S. was pushed to far and pronounced war on Germany and its partners. Germany utilized unlimited submarine fighting (USW) in the seas against non-armed force ships. This abused the United States rights for lack of bias and incensed Americans, while pushing to fight. The current German submarine fighting against business is fighting against humanity, said Woodrow Wilson. Numerous Americans accepted this and needed to rebuff Germany in the war. The monetary ties between the U.S. what's more, the partners we had ventures we needed to keep so we would not lose any cash. Congress says, The world must be made safe for vote based system, said Woodrow Wilson. The U.S was making billions of dollars from France and Great Britain and was not bringing in any cash from Germany, and didnt need to free all the cash it was picking up from the partners. The Zimmerman Telegram was what at long last carried the Americans to war against Germany and its partners. It infuriated numerous Americans to discover Germany attempted to convince Mexico into entering the war on the Central Powers. Germany had vowed to give Mexico Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona on the off chance that they had won. In spite of the fact that Germany was planning for war with the U.S. they needed the U.S. to stay nonpartisan. Despite this, it is our aim to keep the United States of America nonpartisan, says the Zimmerman Telegram. To close the U.S. did battle with Germany for these three fundamental reasons. These are three reasons why the U.S. did battle with the Central Powers. ... <! WW2 papers In the timeframe of 1939 to 1945, the world was engaged with an emergency known as World War II. On December 7, 1941, the Japanese military bombarded Pearl Harbor in Hawaii bringing about the choice of the United States to go into the war. (Sorrow, 1) The United States was affected in numerous angles because of being in World War II, in both positive and negative ways. World War II implied the requirement for some men to join the military. At the point when these men headed out to war they left their nation, families, companions, and furthermore their employments. With all the occupations being, left their is a requirement for workers to keep the nation running. The ladies of the United States are called to take on the employments that the American men once had. A portion of these employments included: putting out fires, welding, arresting, working drill presses, and driving taxis. (Giampaoli, Arms, 3) Programs were built up, planning to draw in the ladies to the workforce. A few projects attempted to glamorize war work, just as stress the significance of ladies working in non-customary employments. (Giampaoli, Arms, 1) The ladies that worked in the war are called creation troopers because of the job that they played in assembling a significant number of the provisions utilized by the officers. (Giampaoli, Arms, 2) The war had made a wartime econom y that had given ladies more opportunity than they had ever had previously. (Giampaoli, Women, 1) When the men got back after the war they were amazed to see that a significant number of the ladies would not like to come back to their occupations of being housewives, in certainty a study by the Womens Bureau reasoned that three-fourths of the ladies who worked during the war said they wanted to keep working. (Giampaoli, Women, 1) The impacts of the war on the ladies ended up being beneficial for them since it opened up numerous open doors for them, albeit awful for the guys in light of the fact that man... <!

Client Paper Essay Example for Free

Customer Paper Essay Human assistance experts, or partners, will probably work with a wide range of customers, each with their own arrangement of issues. These issues can run from physical maltreatment and disregard, maturing issues including demise and biting the dust, and various different issues concerning the essential needs of life. Issues can likewise incorporate the a wide range of circumstances individuals wind up in either because of life decisions or out of no issue of their own. These issues may incorporate vagrancy, battle veteran issues, and dysfunctional behavior. Whatever the issue or issues are, it is the obligation of the assistant to utilize a wide scope of abilities to survey customer needs, make a treatment plan, and offer assets and passionate help to the customer as they achieve the objectives remembered for the treatment plan. These abilities incorporate correspondence, sympathy, empathy, tolerance, diagnostic aptitudes, and cooperation. A scope of issues faces human administrations customers â€Å"Problems for customers are seldom single issues, and the human help proficient should move toward every customer with the desire for more than one problem.† (Woodside McClam, 2011, p. 131) Every issue that a customer presents with can't be anticipated. Actually, customer issues include a wide scope of requirements and conditions. For instance, a customer who is battling with abusive behavior at home may likewise have a requirement for psychological well-being support. A customer with psychological wellness issues may likewise be encountering an absence of food, apparel or haven. The issues confronting customers are expansive and it is useful to more readily get them. Issues confronting youngsters and families incorporate physical and sexual maltreatment, neediness, absence of a solid home, or little training. Kids are particularly helpless as they can't accommodate themselves. In spite of the fact that â€Å"[t]he best spot to serve kids is in their home and with a fami ly,† there might be a need for arrangement in child care or, now and again, appropriation (Moffat, 2011, p. 5). The old likewise faceâ unique issues, for example, absence of portability, losing their freedom, and end of life issues. At the point when the older can no longer think about themselves, finding in-home consideration or situation in helped living or nursing home offices turns into the core interest. What's more, the older may battle with a portion of the essential needs of life, for example, food, sanctuary and apparel. Outsiders, veterans, and individuals with inabilities face different issues in the human assistance field. Outsiders battle with adjusting to another culture in another nation just as learning another dialect. Settlers may have issues with discovering business, lodging, and legitimate assistance, too. Veterans need help with acclimating to non military personnel life including modifying their ranges of abilities to coordinate business openings. Battle veterans particularly battle with physical and mental handicaps and are needing fitting administrations for recovery. Handicapped individuals face difficulties in close to home consideration just as work, incorporating issues with recovery and adjusting to their inabilities. The requirement for private or gathering care offices may likewise be at issue for the crippled network. Issues with substance misuse and compulsion, psychological sickness, and customers with criminal records additionally exist. A considerable lot of these issues exist together in a client’s life and should be tended to in general. â€Å". . . the customer is an individual contained mental, social, financial, instructive, professional, and otherworldly measurements and perhaps will have needs in a significant number of those areas.† (Woodside McClam, 2011, p. 132) Specific helping aptitudes can be utilized with customers Fundamental to the helping procedure is information and practice of expert and relational abilities that help the human assistance proficient in viably tending to the necessities of customers. These aptitudes incorporate correspondence, sympathy, empathy, tolerance, diagnostic abilities, and cooperation. Boss among these are relational and relational abilities, since more specialists manage an assortment of people† (Moffat, 2011, p.9). Crafted by human help experts focuses on building connections of trust with the customer. It is the duty of the assistant to encourage viable correspondence. Listening is imperative to the procedure. So as to completely get a handle on the customer circumstance, the partner needs to watch both the verbal and nonverbal messages. Listening includes payingâ attention to the two words and activities as they go connected at the hip in understanding the all out message being given. G.E. Egan presented the SOLER idea for responsive tuning in. Learning this idea can be helpful to the human assistance proficient (Egan, 2010). Subtleties of the SOLER idea are delineated in the accompanying table: S Face customer Squarely O Receive an Open stance L Lean toward the individual E Keep in touch R Attempt to be generally Relaxed Notwithstanding the SOLER technique, focusing on vocal tone and discourse rate, and verbal following of the client’s message will display going to conduct and help the correspondence procedure (Ivey, Ivey Zalaquette, 2009). The aide can urge the customer to talk about their issues transparently by not changing the subject they have picked. Viable listening shows sympathy for the customer and makes a chance to show compassion and tolerance, extra aptitudes that are basic to the achievement of the human assistance field. Customers in the human help field originate from an assortment of circumstances. Their qualities and conviction frameworks change broadly as much as their issues do. So as to adequately help individuals, assistants need to create acknowledgment and comprehension of these distinctions. Genuine acknowledgment of the customer is basic to the accomplishment of treatment. Assistants need to see the circumstance and experience sentiments from the point of view of thei r customer. Persistence is vital for the helping procedure as there are probably going to be mishaps or protection from the treatment plan. Assistants ought to figure out how to adjust their methodology as the circumstance changes; which prompts the ability of basic reasoning. â€Å"The capacity to think innovatively causes laborers decide approaches to get around obstacles that meddle with clients’ endeavors to succeed† (Moffat, 2011, p.10). All through the helping procedure, an assortment of changes is boundâ to happen. Regardless of whether these are sure or negative changes, customer and human help proficient must cooperate to manage them and keep on pushing ahead with the help procedure. Utilizing logical and critical thinking aptitudes, assistants can defeat the detours to treatment and ceaselessly progress in the direction of arrangements. Treatment regularly includes organizing with various different experts and using an assortment of assets. Having the option to function admirably as a group is another fundamental ability for human assistance experts. Therapists, Social Workers, Mental Health Faci litators and Counselors are for the most part members in crafted by human administrations. Utilizing correspondence, sympathy, empathy, tolerance, systematic aptitudes, and collaboration, the assistant can viably perceive and characterize the assortment of customer issues that exist and work with them towards achieving the objective of the helping procedure, which is to energize obligation and advance self improvement. References Egan, G.E. (2010). The gifted Helper: A difficult administration and opportunity advancement way to deal with helping (ninth ed.). Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole Ivey, A. E., Ivey, M. B., Zalaquett, C. P. (2009). Deliberate meeting and guiding: Facilitating customer advancement in a multicultural society (seventh ed.). Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole Moffat, C. (2011). Aiding those out of luck: Human help laborers. Word related Outlook Quarterly, 55(3), 22-32. Woodside, M., McClam, T. (2011). A prologue to human administrations (seventh ed.). Belmont, CA: Brooks/Cole, Cengage.

Sci-fi. Inception science fiction film Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Science fiction. Initiation sci-fi film - Essay Example In this way, Inception proceeded to win a few critical honors, yet most outstandingly the Academy Awards. The film ventures three chief topics; dreams, recursion and, self destruction. Beginning inquiries the insight of getting to an excessive amount of data from a person’s subliminal. The film rotates around a cheat, Cobb, who takes valuable data from the brains of his objectives. He does this by anticipating into their particular inner mind and sourcing the fundamental data. It is during one such projection, Saito’s mind, that he is vanquished in recovering the necessary data, yet winds up being recruited for work whose increases will see him ready to return, securely, to his family. The image elucidates the strain that was looked in the new undertaking, Fischer’s subliminal. In the midst of this, Cobb needs to fight his feelings relating to his wife’s self destruction, which upsets and postponements waylays him, inside the target’s subliminal. At last, Ariadne shoots Mal, in this manner, sparing Cobb. The crucial fruitful, and the protagonist’s come back to his family is made conceivable. Not very many motion pictures have investigated this one of a kind topic of anticipating into people’s dreams. The film represents this procedure in a way already once in a while observed. The primary crowd of this film happens to be grown-ups. This emerges from the way that its subjects and mind boggling subtleties must be completely gotten a handle on by grown-ups. Science can best be characterized as a practical hypothesis of future logical and social progressions. This is acknowledged through profound comprehension of the logical world. It requires a lot of creative mind and presence of the component of believability. It is basic for Science fiction motion pictures to be portrayed by strife, acceptability and astounding enhanced visualizations. Initiation is described by all these three components. The Dreams are a center subject all through the whole of the film. It involves a complex trap of interconnected dreams. A visionary is the person in whose fantasy the activity exists. In this manner, each degree of dreaming must have its own visionary. Each fantasy must have its subject, who is the person whose subliminal is the wellspring of data. Except if something peculiar occurs, the visionary is typically unconscious that he is dreaming. Be that as it may, in the occasion the subject acknowledges he is dreaming, his projections are frequently savage towards the visionary. To keep away from such outcomes, crafted by the draftsman is to make the world as genuine as humanly conceivable. In the fantasy world, when an individual ended it all, it implied a sheltered section to the real world. This was regularly the road of decision for a dominant part of characters in the film when confounded. Be that as it may, in the Fischer crucial, road is hazardous as no assurance exits on its security and conviction. The group understands that passing, in that specific dream state, will usher them into limbo where one is inclined to madness. All through the sum of the film, the hero is spooky by the primary self destruction in the movies starting. His better half, Mal ended it all while endeavoring to come back to her kids, in actuality. She had accepted that she was still in her fantasy while in certainty she was in the genuine world. The third conspicuous subject is that of recursion. This is apparent in both applied and visual highli ghts. This is exemplified by a visionary is dreaming a fantasy. This makes the idea of levels related to levels. A visionary first dream in the principal level, at that point another visionary inside the primary dream starts another fantasy. In this way, two dreams currently exist, and occasions are presently occurring in the subsequent level: frequently, the inward stories inside the fantasy in a fantasy overpower this present reality confining. These interconnected dreams are the center idea of the film. Recursion empowers the people

Medieval Spain and the Middle East History Research Assignment - 1100 Words

Medieval Spain and the Middle East History Research Assignment (Essay Sample) Content: NameTutors NameSubjectDateMedieval Spain and the Middle EastIn the year following the death of Prophet Mohammed, Arab Muslims embarked on a mission to expand their territory, an endeavor that would see the spread of Islam from India in the East to as far as North Africa in the west. During this time, Muslims made contact with western forces, among them Spain. The North African barbarians, an army led by a Muslim general Tariq, facilitated the spread of the Islamic culture to Spain. By 712, the Moors had already placed a foot in Spain, evidence of this interaction is still present in modern Spain, an important result of the interaction is Spain becoming an part of Middle Eastern history (Watt 15).Several factors played a role in this first wave of interaction. The Romans had created a tightly knit Spanish community that gave the Moors a formula to approach governance. The Moorish consequent events represent a significant period of history for both Spain and the Middle East (Fletcher, 3-7). An area of interest is the relationship between the Muslim government, Arabs, North African Barbarians, Christianity and periods of conquest. The entry of Islam into Europe through Spain sparked times of conquest that remain important to the Middle Eastern understanding of Europe. The Reconquista war between Muslims and Christians would be one of the many religious conflicts between the two dominant religions of the time (Carlos). This explains why Spain continues to be of interest to Middle Eastern history classes.Hispania, the Latin name for the entirety of the region under Western Roman covering modern-day Spain and Portugal fell under the rule of Visigoths after the fall of the empire in 476. Islamic conquest forced out one of the Teutonic tribes, the Vandals, and conquered the other, the Suevi. These regions highly Romanized regions facilitated in the growth of the Latin language and culture. In the battle at the Guadalete market at the onset of Islamic i nfluence in the region, the last Visigoth king lost the battle to general Tariq ibn-Ziyad. With the defeat of King Roderick, Iberian Peninsula fell apart, and large chunks of it came under Islamic rule. Most of these areas are modern-day Southern Spain (Watt 7-14). Historians believe that Islamic forces did not focus on Spain, but political divide among the Visigoth kingdom created an opportunity for Islam to prevail. Some Visigoth kings also aided Islamic forces in return for favors. The Islamic crusaders attempts to move north ended in vain with their defeat by Christians at the Battle of Tour. Humiliated by the defeat, Islamic forces abandoned the quest that focused on the conquered region (Watt 13). This explains the minimal Arabic influence in north Iberian Peninsula. Stability in the Arab occupied south came with the establishment of Andalusian Umayyad dynasty. During this time, southern Spain transformed in all aspects. These were the golden ages where learning, libraries, li terature, poetry, and architecture flourished.Both Islam and Christianity contributed to the emergence of a new landscape. There was religious tolerance with Christians and Jews free to practice as long as they observed certain rules. However, interfaith harmony and religious tolerance of the golden ages is not similar in standards to the 21st century Europe. The atmosphere was complicated with respect to practicing religion. Although the freedom retained by Christian and Jews under Islamic governance would seem to be unacceptable by modern standards, they were adequate for the religious climate of the time. Members of religions others than Islam lived in a state of 'dhimmitude' meaning that while they were not slaves, they did not have the same rights as Muslims. The non-Muslim group was treated as second-class citizens (Wietzke, 23-24). The reason for tolerance as opposed to massacre ranges from the fact that Christians and other sects outnumbered Muslims to the fact that Quran gr ants tolerance to non-Muslims if they observed certain rules. Many Christians and Jews in southern Spain embraced their masters culture and traditions (Wietzke, 7-13). Some learned Arabic, adopted names and clothing brought by the ruler while others went as far as converting to Islam. Nevertheless, not all Muslims rulers upheld the same religious tranquility and tolerance. For instance, Almanzor looted churches and imposed strict rules. These stringent directives and treatment as second-class citizens sparked Christian resistance (Wietzke, 17-24).For a long time, southern Spain and Portugal witnessed significant Muslim civilization which peaked in the 10TH century under the Umayyad Caliphate. During their time in Spain, the Arabs introduced momentous cultural shifts. Southern Iberian Peninsula had previously been a Christian region, but sudden shifts in culture demanded Islamic domination. One of the notable effects of this interaction was a move to use Arabic numbers instead of Rom an numerals. Muslim presence in the region also influenced Spanish music, instruments and melodies which incorporated Arabic elements. These changes formed the foundation for guitars, flamenco and music with great similarity to traditional Moorish notes. Of all the Arabic influences in southern Spain, North African cultures contributed the most. Spanish cooking embraced northern African styles. While garbanzo bean is a rare product in Europe, its use in Spain which is characteristic of the Arabic influences.Linguistically, the arrival of the Arabs had a significant impact on Spanish words. Arabic words adopted in Spanish share the characteristic of being noun heavy. Very few verbs or adjectives are used. For instance, Spanish word pairs depict Arabic impact in word pairs that mean the same thing, aceituna and oliva,aceiteand leo, alacr...

Strategic Behavior Oligopolies and Local Market Power - 275 Words

Strategic Behavior Oligopolies and Local Market Power (Essay Sample) Content: Strategic BehaviorStudents Name:Course Title:Instructors Name:Institution:Date:Discussion 1: Strategic Behavior Oligopolies.Microsoft and Apple have different types of product market/ market structure. Microsoft itself has a monopoly market structure. It is the only seller and manufacturer of windows operating system. It has no substitute company that may enter the industry. More so, in a monopoly market structure, new firms cannot enter the industry, and the monopoly firm faces no competition. It implies that Microsoft dominates the industry, and its the price maker. It has monopoly power resulted in the massive size of the market. Nevertheless, Apple operates in a monopolistic competition market. In this product market, there is stiff competition. Apple deals with manufacture and sale of laptops, phones, and computers. Some of its major competitors include computer firms such as HP, Dell, and Samsung. Despite forces from the competitors, Apple is the leading firm in the digital music and computer industry. Much of its profits is generated from iTunes. CITATION Gle95 \l 1033 (Gleick, 1995)Competition in monopolistic competition market plays a significant role in the performance of any company within the industry. For this reason, Microsoft funded Apple with an aim of strengthening Apples competition in the computer industry. The partnership involved bundling MS Office and IE products with the MAC OS. As a result, Microsoft earned more revenue from sales made by Apple. More so, it strengthened its monopoly power by winning more customers. Microsoft also needed to preserve competitiveness in the industry ensure that no entry of new firms in the long run. Apple, on the other hand, was able to maintain its competition power since their products were improved meeting the consumers total quantity management. CITATION Spo06 \l 1033 (Spout, 2006)Microsoft was afraid if Apple did not survive since its power as a monopoly firm would be reduced. Lack of competition in the market would lead to the entrance of many businesses in the industry and as a result, the revenue made by Microsoft would reduce significantly. More so, other operating systems manufacturer companies would enter in the market, and Microsoft would not dominate the market again.References BIBLIOGRAPHY Gleick, J. (1995). Making " Microsoft Safe for Capitalism". The New York Times.Spout, J. (2006). Has Apple Finally become a Monopoly-Like Microsoft? .Discussion 2: Local Market PowerBulls Eye Department Store operates in an oligopoly market structure. This type of product market is characterized a few firms in the market, the interdependence of the company, differentiated products, and barriers to entry (although less than those of monopoly). Bulls Eye Department Store is the only seller in Show Low, and this shows it dominates the market in this region and its surrounding. It dominates the area thus it becomes the price maker/setter. It operates as if it is in a mo ...

Paul An Apostle Of Christ - 1077 Words

Paul an apostle of Christ to my fellow laborers in the work of spreading the teachings of Christ, peace and blessings to you. I pray that you have grown in the knowledge I left with you and the grace that we all given each day as we serve God. I pray my letter reaches the community in good spirits as I left you with much work to do in the building of the Church. I have made it to Patara several days ago and was pleased to see my fellow laborers in the gospel. I was met here by Matthias and Steven. I also found Sereaneus and Zina in good health and recovering since my last visit with the, I will travel to Myra soon and see how they are growing as well, Apollos my fellow laborer in spreading the gospel has just returned from there with good news of the reception of the teaching of our Lord Jesus Christ. Surrender my brothers and sisters to God daily. You cannot make it in this life without him. Know when life weighs you down that God is the renewing factor each day. God will renew your strength and rejuvenate your mind. He will activate your faith and he can resuscitate your bothersome circumstances. Remember to worship. Let us be in prayer for the community as it grows, Pray specifically for Apollos that he is unharmed as he goes to communities far in the north region. Reject sin and constantly seek forgiveness for the wrong doing around you. Be steadfast in your prayers and constantly keep watch for falling into temptation that is around you. Continue to support oneShow MoreRelatedThe Life Of Jesus Christ And Paul The Apostle3824 Words   |  16 Pagesof Jesus Christ and Paul the Apostle The Survey of the New Testament course covered a vast amount of material. A person with no knowledge of the Bible could absorb a wealth of sacred information. Jesus Christ and Paul the Apostle covered a great amount of material in the New Testament. 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While pursuing a better relationship with the believers in Corinth, the apostle often used terms such as ‘we,’ ‘our,’ and ‘us.’ These pronouns can be understood in multiple ways; howeve r, the manner in which they are comprehended sheds light on Paul’s agenda. In the analysis of 2 Corinthians 4:

Biotech products - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 17 Words: 4951 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? Chloroplast factories for sustainable and high yield production of biotech products Abstract World demand for energy has been projected to double by 2050 and be more than triple by the end of the century. Since industrial revolution in the 1850s, the human consumption of fossil fuels has been one of the growing causes of international concern and unease among some industrial nations. The reasons for which can be attributed to the rapidly depleting reserves of fossil fuels. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Biotech products" essay for you Create order Over the past few decades, with the successes achieved in genetic engineering technology, advances made in the field of biofuels offer the only immediate solution to fossil fuels. Presently, most of the ethanol in use is produced either from starch or sugar, but these sources have not proven to be sufficient to meet the growing global fuel requirements. However, conversion of abundant and renewable cellulosic biomass into alternative sources of energy seems to be an effective and promising solution. But for this technology to become viable there is a need to develop cheap and sustainable sources of cellulases along with eliminating the need for pretreatment processes. The review thus aims to provide a brief overview about the need and importance of biofuels particularly bioethanol with respect to the growing environmental concerns along with an urgent need to address the existing problems about cost-optimisation and large scale production of biofuels. 1.0 Introduction Biofuels are liquid fuels derived from plants. Currently, first generation biofuels are extensively being produced and used. These are generated using starch, sugar, vegetable oils and animal fats using fairly expensive conventional technology. In recent years, the fact that production of ethanol from cellulosic and lignocellulosic material is being hindered due to inadequate technology to enable efficient and economically viable methods to break down the multipolymeric raw material has gained wide popularity (Verma et al, 2010). Therefore, there is a need to develop efficient systems for the production of cellulases and other cellulose degrading enzymes. Lignocellulosic biofuels are thus likely to be seen as a part of the portfolio of solutions being offered to reduce high energy prices, including more efficient energy use along with the use of other alternative fuels (Coyle, 2007). 1.1 Importance of biofuels: Factors like the finite petroleum reserves and constantly rising demands for energy by the industrialised as well as the highly populated countries (on their Way to industrialisation) like India and china have made it absolutely necessary to look into alternate and efficient methods to replace these fuels in future (Stephanopoulos, 2008). Also, concerns like steep rise in fossil fuel prices in the recent years, increasing concerns about climate change like global warming, insecurity and unrest among governments due to their depleting natural reserves are just a few factors that define an urgent need for a sustainable path towards renewable fuel technology development (Stephanopoulos, 2008). Among the various types of alternative fuels considered (liquid fuels from coal and/or biomass with and without carbon capture and storage (CCS)), biofuels derived from lignocellulosic biomass offer the most clean and sustainable alternative to fossil fuels essentially because of their cost compet itiveness as opposed to the current expensive methods of ethanol production from sugarcane and corn (Stephanopoulos, 2008) (Shen and Gnanakaran, 2009). The global production and use of biofuels has increased tremendously in recent years, from 18.2 billion litres in 2000 to about 60.6 billion litres in 2007. It has been estimated that about 85% of this amount is bioethanol (Coyle, 2007). This increase is primarily a result of the reasons stated above along with rising concerns about global warming and greenhouse gas emissions due to excessive fossil fuels usage since biofuels are carbon-neutral and reduce green house emissions (Sainz, 2009). Also, one of the factors contributing to the viability of biofuels as an alternative transportation fuel is their ease of compatibility with our existing liquid fuel infrastructure (Sainz, 2009). An important step in the production of biofuels is the breakdown of cellulose fibres by the enzymes capable of degrading it. But the production of these enzymes is still an expensive task due to their production in large microorganism bioreactors. One method for the inexpensive production of these enzymes is the use of transgenic plants as heterologous protein production systems (Danna, 2001; Kusnadi et al., 1997; Twyman et al., 2003). Plant based enzyme production offers advantages over the traditional bacterial and fungal cultures by being commercially viable and particularly attractive since in plants, the desired protein can be made to accumulate at high levels i.e. at even greater levels than 10% of total soluble protein (Gray et al, 2008). Another major economic advantage of plant-based protein production over one that is microorganism-based is in the scale-up of protein expression. Whereas scale-up of microbial systems implies large purchase and maintenance costs for large fermentors and related equipment, scale-up of plant-based protein product would only require planting of more seeds and harvesting of a larger area (Gray et al, 2008). Cellulase expressing transgenic plants may thus offer significant capital cost savings over more traditional cellulase production via cellulolytic fungi or bacteria (Gray et al, 2008). 2.0 Current sources of sugars and ethanol production Ethanolis an alcohol fuel currently made from the sugars found in grains, such as corn, sorghum, and wheat, as well as potato skins, rice, sugar cane, sugar beets, molasses and yard clippings. There are two methods currently brought into use for the production of bioethanol. In the first one, sugar crops or starch are grown and through the process of fermentation, ethanol is produced. In the second method, plants are grown that naturally produce oil like jatropha and algae. These oils are heated to reduce their viscosity after which they are directly used as fuel for diesel engines. However, currently, it is majorly being produced from starch (corn in US) and sugar (sugarcane in Brazil) sources. According to the latest statistics (in 2008), USA and Brazil (fig. 1) were the major producers of fuel ethanol by producing 51.9% and 37.3% of global bioethanol respectively (https://www.ethanolrfa.org/industry/statistics/#E). Brazil especially produces ethanol to a large extent from fermentation of sugarcane sugar to cater to one-fourth of its ground transportation needs (Sticklen, 2008).Similarly, to meet part of its own needs; United States produces ethanol from corn. Unfortunately, inspite of being breakthrough developments, the production of ethanol by this method is not cost-effective and barely manages to meet less than about 15 % of the countrys demands (Sticklen, 2008). Their use as energy crops is thus posing to be inappropriate since these are primary food sources, and are unstable from the viewpoints of long-term supply and cost (Sainz, 2009). The restrictions on available land and the rising price pressures would soon limit the production of grain and corn based ethanol to less than 8% in the US transport fuel mix (Tyner, 2008). Similarly, in spite of a predicted increase to 79.5 billion litres by 2022 in ethanol production from sugarcane in Brazil, this technology would eventually be limited by the same agro-economic factors affecting the grain and the corn based ethanol production (Sainz, 2009). For e.g. the use of corn for production of ethanol has led to an increase in the prices of livestock and poultry since it is the main starch component of the animal feed. Therefore, there is an urgent need for new and sustainable technologies for a significant contribution of biofuels towards the progress of renewable sources of energy and the reduction of greenhouse gases (Sainz, 2009). Thus, the benefits of a high efficiency of carbohydrate recovery compared to other technologies and the possibilities of technology improvement due to breakthrough processes in biotechnology, offer cost-competitive solutions for bioethanol production, thus making the second generation or lignocellulosic sources the most attractive option the large scale production of biofuels (Wyman et al, 2005). 3.0 Potential of cellulosic bioethanol Cellulosic ethanolis abiofuelproduced from wood, grasses, or the non-edible parts of plants. It is a type ofbiofuelproduced frombreaking down of lignocellulose, a tough structural material that comprises much of the mass of plants and provides them rigidity and structural stability (Coyle, 2007). Lignocellulose is composed mainly ofcellulose,hemicelluloseandlignin (Carroll and Sommerville, 2009). Another factor that makes the production of cellulosic bioethanol a promising step in future is that unlike corn and sugarcane, its production is not dependent on any feedcrop since cellulose is the worlds most widely available biological material that can be obtained from widely available low-value materials like wood waste, widely growing grasses and crop wastes and manures (Coyle, 2007). But production of ethanol from lignocellulose requires a greater amount of processing to make the sugar monomers available to the microorganisms that are typically used to produce ethanol by fermentation. Bioethanol is one fuel that is expected to be in great global demand in the coming years since its only main requirement is the abundant supply of biomass either directly from plants or from plant derived materials including animal manures. It is also a clean fuel as it produces fewer air-borne pollutants than petroleum, has a low toxicity and is readily biodegradable. Furthermore, the use of cellulosic biomass allows bioethanol production in countries with climates that are unsuitable for crops such as sugarcane or corn. For example, the use of rice straw for the production of ethanol is an attractive goal given that it comprises 50% of the words agronomic biomass (Sticklen, 2008). Though cellulosic ethanol is a promising fuel from an environmental point of view, its industrial production and commercialisation has not been progressing successfully. This can mainly be attributed to the high cost of production of cellulose degrading enzymes -Cellulases (Lynd et.al, 1996). Yet another very important factor is the pretreatment of lignocellulosic content in the biomass to allow cellulases and hemicellulases to penetrate and break the cellulose in the cell wall. These two steps together incur very high costs and are a hindrance in efficient production of cellulosic bioethanol. Thus plant genetic engineering is the best alternative to bioreactors for an inexpensive production of these enzymes (cellulases and hemicellulases). It can also be used to modify the lignin content/amount to reduce the need for expensive pretreatment (Sticklen, 2008). 4.0 The abundance and structure of cellulose Photosynthetic organisms such as plants, algae and some bacteria produce more than 100 million tonnes of organic matter each year from the fixation of carbon dioxide. Half of this biomass is made up of the biopolymer cellulose which, as a result, is perhaps the most abundant It is the most common organic compound on Earth. Cellulose comprises about 33 percent of all plant matter, 90 percent of cotton is composed of cellulose and so is around 50 percent of wood (Britannica encyclopaedia, 2008). Higher plant tissues such as trees, cotton, flax, sugar beet residues, ramie, cereal straw, etc represent the main sources of cellulose. This carbohydrate macromolecule is the principal structural element of the cell wall of the majority of plants. Cellulose is also a major component of wood as well as cotton and other textile fibres such as linen, hemp and jute. Cellulose and its derivatives are one of the principal materials of use for industrial exploitation (paper, nitrocellulose, cellulose acetate, methyl cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose etc.) and they represent a considerable economic investment (Prez and Mackie, 2001). Cellulose and lignin are the majorcombustiblecomponents of non-foodenergy crops. Some of the examples of non-feed industrial crops are tobacco, miscanthus, industrial hemp, Populus(poplar) species and Salix(willow). Celluloseserves as one of the major resistance to external chemical, mechanical, or biological perturbations in plants. This resistance ofcelluloseto depolymerization is offered by its occurrence as highly crystalline polymer fibers (Shen and Gnanakaran, 2009).it occur in plants in two crystalline forms, I-and I-(Nishiyama et al, 2002) (Nishiyama et al, 2003). The crystal structures of both these forms suggest that hydrogen (H) bonding plays a key role in determining the properties ofcellulose (Shen and Gnanakaran, 2009).Thechemical formula of cellulose is(C6H10O5) n. It is apolysaccharideconsisting of a linear chain of several hundred to over ten thousand (14) linkedD-glucoseunit (Crawford, 1981) (Updegraff, 1969). This tough crystalline structure of cellulose molecules is proving to be a critical roadblock in the production of cellulosic bioethanol as it is difficult to breakdown the microfibrils of crystalline cellulose to glucose (Shen and Gnanakaran, 2009). 4.1 Primary structure of cellulose The main form of cellulose found in higher plants is I-. The primary structure of cellulose as shown in figure 2, is a linear homopolymer of glucose residues having theDconfiguration and connected by-(1-4) glycosidic linkages (Sun et al, 2009). Essentially, the occurrence of intrachain and interchain hydrogen bonds (fig. 3) in cellulose structures has been known to provide thermostability to its crystal complex (Nishiyama, 2002). Intrachain hydrogen bonds are known to raise the strength and stiffness of each polymer while the interchain bonds along with weak Wander-Waals forces hold the two sheets together to provide a 2-D structure. This arrangement makes the intrachain bonding stronger than that holding the two sheets together (Nishiyama, 2002). The chain length and the degree of polymerisation of glucose units determine many properties of the cellulose molecule like its rigidity and insolubility compared to starch (Shigeru et al, 2006). Cellulose from different sources also varies in chain lengths, for e.g. cellulose from wood pulp has lengths between 300 and 1700 units while that from fibre plants and bacterial sources have chain lengths varying from 800 to 10,000 units (Klemm et al, 2005). 5.0 Methods to breakdown cellulose Cellulose, a glucose polymer is the most abundant component in the cell wall. These cellulose molecules consist of long chains of sugar molecules. The process of breaking down these long chains to free the sugar is called hydrolysis. This is then followed by fermentation to produce bioethanol. Various enzymes are involved in the complex process of breaking down glycosidic linkages in cellulose (Verma et al, 2010). These are together known as glycoside hydrolases and include endo- acting cellulases and exo-acting cellulases or cellobiohydrolase along with -glucosidase (Ziegelhoffer, 2001) (Ziegler, 2000). In the cellulose hydrolysis process, endoglucanase first randomly cleaves different regions of crystalline cellulose producing chain ends. Exoglucanase then attaches to the chain end and threads it through its active site, cleaving off cellobiose units. The exoglucanse also acts on regions of amorphous cellulose with exposed chain ends without the need for prior endoglucanase activity. Finally -glucosidase breaks the bonds between the two glucose sugars of cellobiose to produce monomers of glucose (Warren, 1996). Presently, two methods are widely used for cellulose degradation on an industrial scale: * Chemical hydrolysis: This is a traditional method in which, cellulose is broken down by the action of an acid, dilute and concentrated both acids can be used by varying the temperature and the pH accordingly. The product produced from this hydrolysis is then neutralised and fermented to produce ethanol. These methods are not very attractive due to the generation of toxic fermentation inhibitors. Enzymatic hydrolysis: Due to the production of harmful by-products by chemical hydrolysis, the enzymatic method to breakdown cellulose into glucose monomers is largely preferred. This allows breaking down lignocellulosic material at relatively milder conditions (50C and pH5), which leads to effective cellulose breakdown. 6.0 Steps involved in cellulosic ethanol (bioethanol) production process The first step in the production of bioethanol, involves harvesting lignocellulose from the feedstock crops, compaction and finally its transportation to a factory for ethanol production where it is stored in a ready form for conversion. The second step is the removal of lignin present in the feedstock biomass by using heat or chemical pre-treatment methods. This step facilitates the breakdown of cell wall into intermediates and removes lignin so as to allow cellulose to be exposed to cellulases, which then break down cellulose into sugar residues.currently, cellulases are being produced as a combination of bacterial and fungal enzymes for such commercial purposes (Sticklen, 2008). This is then followed by steps like detoxification, neutralisation and separation into solid and liquid components (Sticklen, 2008). The hydrolysis of these components then takes place by the enzymes like cellulases and hemicellulases that are produced from micro-organisms in the bioreactors (Sticklen, 2008).and finally; ethanol is produced by sugar fermentation. 7.0 Major cell wall components and the key enzymes involved in their breakdown 6.1 Cellulose and cellulases: About 180 billion tonnes of cellulose is produced per year by plants globally (Festucci et al, 2007). Cellulose makes up 15-30% of the dry mass of primary and up to 40% of the secondary cell walls (Sticklen, 2008). Till date, it is the only polysaccharide being used for commercial production of cellulosic ethanol because of the commercial availability of its deconstructing enzymes (Sticklen, 2008). As described above, three types of cellulases are involved in the breakdown of cellulose into sugars namely, endoglucanases, exoglucanasees and glucosidase (Ziegler, 2000). 6.2 Hemicellulose and Xylanases: xyloglucans and hemicelluloses surround the cellulose microfibrils. So in order to break cellulose units, specific enzymes are first required to first remove the hemicellulose polysaccharide. Hemicelluloses are diverse and amorphous and its main constituent is -1, 4-xylan. Thus, xylanases re the most bundant type of hemicellulases required to cleave the endo-and exo-activity (Warren, 1996). These are mainly obtained from the fungi Trichoderma reesei , along witha a large number of bacteria, yeast and other fungi which have been reported to produce1.4 -D xylanases. 6.3 Lignin and Laccasses: The major constituent of plants secondary cell wall is lignin. It accounts for nearly 10-25% of total plant dry matter (Sticklen, 2008). Unlike cellulose and hemicelluloses, the lignin polymer is not particularly linear and instead comprises of a complex of phenylpropanoid units which are linked in a 3-D network to cellulose and xylose with ester, phenyl and covalent bonds (Carpita, 2002). White rot fungi (esp. Phanerochaete chrysosporium and Trametes versicolour) are thought degrade lignin more efficiently and rapidly than any other studied microorganisms (DSouza, 1999). P. Chrysosporium produces laccases like ligninases or lignin peroxidase, which initiate the process of degradation of lignin and manganese dependent peroxidises (Cullen, 1992). 8.0 Production of cellulases and hemicellulases in tobacco chloroplasts Protein engineering methodologies provide the best answer to concerns regarding production of improved cellulases with reduced allosteric hindrance, improved tolerance to high temperatures and specific pH optima along with higher specific activity (Sainz, 2009). The table below (table 1) lists different type of cellulases and hemicellulases that have been expressed in plant chloroplasts: Enzyme Enzyme source Host Comments Reference E1 Endoglucanase Acidothermus cellulolyticus Nicotiana tabacum cv petit Havana SR1 Normal growth photosynthesis;truncated;dry leaf activity Dai et al. 2000 E1 CD Endoglucanases Acidothermus cellulolyticus N.tabacum cv W38 Spacer length impacts chloroplast import Jin et al.2003 Cel6A endoglucanse Thermobifida fusca Tobacco Chloroplast transformation; homoplasmic events Yu et al. 2007a, b Cel6B cellobio-hydrolase Thermobifida fusca Nicotiana tabacum cv K327- non nicotine derivatie Chloroplast transformation; homoplasmic events Yu et al. 2007a, b 9.0 Use of chloroplasts to over-express recombinant proteins Chloroplasts are green coloured plastids that have their own genome and are found in plant cells and other eukaryotic organisms like algae. The targeted expression of foreign genes in plant organelles can be used to introduce desired characteristics in a contained and economically sustainable manner (fig. 5). It also allows us to combine various other advantages like easy and efficient scalability along with being entirely free of animal pathogens. Unlike most other methods of plant genetic engineering, the major advantage with chloroplast transformation is their characteristic of transgene containment i.e. transgenes in these plastids are not spread through pollen (Verma and Daniell, 2007). This implies that chloroplast genetic transformation is fairly a safe one and does not pose the risk of producing herbicide resistant weeds (Ho and Cummins, 2005). Chloroplast transformation involves homologous recombination. Thisnot only minimises the insertion of unnecessary DNA that accompaniestransformation of the nuclear genome, but also allows precisetargeting of inserted genes, thereby also avoiding theuncontrollable, unpredictable rearrangements and deletions oftransgene DNA as well as host genome DNA at the site of insertionthat characterises nuclear transformation (Nixon, 2001). Another advantage of chloroplast transformation is that foreign genes can be over-expressed due to the high gene copy number, up to 100,000 compared with single-copy nuclear genes (Maliga, 2003). While nuclear transformants typically produce foreign protein up to 1%TSP in transformed leaf tissue, with some exceptional transformants producing protein at 5-10%TSP, chloroplast transformants often accumulate foreign protein at 5-10%TSP in transformed leaves, with exceptional transformants reaching as high as 40%TSP (Maliga, 2003). Research is needed to determine the stability of the biological activity of extracted plant-produced hydrolysis enzymes in TSP when stored under freeze conditions for different periods of time before their use in hydrolysis (Sticklen, 2008). Two other important and related areas for further research are increasing the levels of production and the biological activity of the heterologous enzymes (Sticklen, 2008).Many cell wall deconstructing enzymes have been isolated and characterised and more need to be investigated for finding more enzymes that can resist higher conversion temperatures and a range of pHs during pretreatment. Serious efforts to produce cellulosic ethanol on an industrial scale are already underway. Other than the Canadian Iorgen plant, no commercial cellulosic ethanol plant is yet in operation or under construction (Sticklen, 2008). However, research in this area is underway and funding is becoming available around the world for this purpose, from both governmental and commercial sources. For example, British Petroleum have donated half a billion dollars to US institutions to develop new sources of energy primarily biofuel crops (Sticklen, 2008). 10.0 Conclusion The fact that corn ethanol produces more green house gas emissions than gasoline and that cellulosic ethanol from non-food crops produces less green house gas emissions than electricity or hydrogen, is one of the factors that highly favour production of ethanol from cellulosic biomass (Verma, 2010). However, biofuel production from lignocellulosic materials is a challenging problem because of the multifaceted nature of raw materials and lack of technology to efficiently and economically release fermentable sugars from the complex multi-polymeric raw materials (Verma, 2010). After decades of research aimed at reducing the costs of microbial cellulases, their production is still expensive (Sticklen and Oraby, 2005). One way of decreasing such costs is to produce these enzymes within crop biomass. Although some important advances have been made to lay the foundations for plant genetic engineering for biofuel production, this science is still in its infancy (Sticklen, 2008). A general challenge is to develop efficient systems for the genetic transformation of plant systems for the production of cellulose degrading enzymes. Research is particularly needed to focus on the targeting of these enzymes to multiple subcellular locations in order to increase levels of enzyme production and produce enzymes with higher biological activities (Sticklen, 2008). A huge potential exists to produce larger amounts of these enzymes in chloroplasts, and exciting progress has been made in terms of the crops for which the chloroplast can now be genetically engineered. More effo rts are however needed towards the development of systems to genetically engineer chloroplasts of biomass crops such as cereals and perennial grasses (Blaschke, 2006). Some of the key aims of the project would be: * To characterise cell wall degrading enzymes * Overexpression of cellulose cDNA in pET30 vector systems * Induction and characterisation of proteins in different conditions The use of tobacco plant as means of producing cellulases through chloroplast genetic engineering to simultaneously addresses the most important question of shifting the agricultural land from feed crops to biofuel crops (like corn and sugarcane at present) along with the cost-effective large scale production of cellulose degrading enzymes. 11.0 References Blaschke, L.; Legrand, M.; Mai, C. Polle, A. (2004). Lignification and structural biomass production in tobacco with suppressed caffeic/5-hydroxy ferulic acidOmethyl transferase activity under ambient and elevated CO2 concentrations. Physiol. 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Optimization of Acidothermus cellulolyticus endoglucanase (E1) production in transgenic tobacco plants by transcriptional, post-transcription and post-translational modification. Transgenic Res. 14, 627-643. Dai, Z.; Hooker, B. S.; Anderson, D. B.; Thomas, S. R (2000). Improved plant-based production of E1 endoglucanase using potato: expression optimization and tissue targeting.Mol. Breed.6: 277-285. DSouza, T. M.; Merritt, C. S. Reddy, C. A (1999). Lignin-modifying enzymes of the white rot basidiomycete Ganoderma lucidum. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 65, 5307-5313. Gray N. Benjamin; Ahner A. Beth; Hansen A. Maureen, (2008). High-Level Bacterial Cellulase Accumulation in Chloroplast-Transformed Tobacco Mediated by Downstream Box Fusions. Biotechnol. and bioeng. pp1046-1054. Holt-Gimenez, Eric (2007). Biofuels: Myths of the Agrofuels Transition.Backgrounder.Institute for Food and Development Policy, Oakland, CA. 13:2 Horn, M. E.; Woodard, S. L. Howard, J. A. 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Features of promising technologies for pre-treatment of lignocellulosic biomass. Biores. Tech. 96, 673-686. Nishiyama,Y.; Langan,P.; and Chanzy,H.(2002).Crystalstructureandhydrogen-bonding system incelluloseI-from synchrotron x-ray and neutron fiber diffraction.J. Am. Chem. Soc.124;9074-908 Nishiyama,Y.; Sugiyama,J.; Chanzy,H. and Langan,P.(2003).Crystalstructureand hydrogen bonding system incelluloseI-from synchrotron x-ray and neutron fiber diffraction.J. Am. Chem. Soc.125,14300-14306 Oraby, H. et al (2007). Enhanced conversion of plant biomass into glucose using transgenic rice-produced endoglucanase for cellulosic ethanol. Transgenic Res. 16, 739-749 Ransom, C. B. et al (2007). Heterologous Acidothermus cellulolyticus 1,4-endoglucanase E1 produced within the corn biomass converts corn stover into glucose. Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. 36, 207-220 Sainz B. Manuel (2009). Commercial cellulosic ethanol: The role of plant-expressed enzymes. The society for invitro boil. 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Microbiol. 50, 183-212. Wyman C. E.; Dale B. E.; Elander R. T.; Holtzapple M.; Ladisch M. R.; Lee Y. Y (2005). Coordinated development of leading biomass pretreatment technologies.Bioresour. Technol.96; 1959-1966. Ye G-N; Hajdukiewicz PTJ; Broyles D; Rodriguez D; Xu CW; Nehra N; Staub JM. (2001). Plastid-expressed 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase genes provide high level glyphosate tolerance in tobacco .Plant J 25:261-270. Yu, L.-X.; Gray, B. N.; Rutzke, C. J.; Walker, L. P; Wilson, D. B.; Hanson, M. R (2007a). Expression of thermostable microbial cellulases in the chloroplasts of nicotine-free tobacco.J. Biotechnol.131: 362-369. Yu, W.; Han, F.; Gao, Z.; Vega, J. M.; Birchler, J.A. (2007b). Construction and behavior of engineered minichromosomes in maize.Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A.10421: 8924-8929. Yong, Sun; Junping, Zhuang; Lu, Lin and Pingkai Ouyang. Clean conversion of cellulose into fermentable glucose. Biotechnol Adv. 27 (5);625-632 Ziegler, M. T.; Thomas, S. R.; Danna, K. J. (2000). Accumulation of a thermostable endo1, 4dglucanase in the apoplast of Arabidopsis thaliana leaves. Mol. Breeding 6, 37-46. Ziegelhoffer, T.; Raasch, J. A. Austin-Phillips, S., (2001). Dramatic effects of truncation and sub-cellular targeting on the accumulation of recombinant microbial cellulase in tobacco. Mol. Breeding 8, 147-158. https://www.ethanolrfa.org/industry/statistics/#E

Gangs A Little Short Of A Century Ago - 1343 Words

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Compare and Contrast Lunar and Solar Eclipse free essay sample

If the plane of the lunar orbit coincided with the plane of the ecliptic, then the eclipses of the Sun and the Moon would occur monthly. In each new moon, the Moon would be on the straight line between the Earth and the Sun and would block it with its opaque body. Because of this, every time there would be observed a phenomenon, which we call a solar eclipse. Quite exactly in each full moon, the Moon would fall into the shadow cast by the Earth in the direction opposite to the Sun, that is, there would be a lunar eclipse (Figure 63).The scheme of eclipses of the Moon and the SunFigure 63 The scheme of eclipses of the Moon and the Sun.But the lunar orbit is inclined to the ecliptic, so on the new moon and the full moon, the Moon most often passes above or below the ecliptic and no eclipses occur (Figure 64). We will write a custom essay sample on Compare and Contrast Lunar and Solar Eclipse or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Eclipses come only when a new moon or full moon happens near one of the two nodes of the lunar orbit, that is, near the points of intersection of the lunar orbit with the plane of the ecliptic (Figure 64). In other words, the Sun and the Moon must simultaneously be near the nodes of the lunar orbit.The Moons orbit and its nodesFigure 64 The Moons orbit and its nodes.Since these nodes are two, and the Sun passes a full circle on the ecliptic for a year, then there are two periods each year (separated by a gap of six months), when eclipses can occur. The location of the nodes of the lunar orbit is gradually changing, so the time of the onset of eclipses is shifted to earlier dates. A more accurate consideration of the question shows that annually there should be at least two and no more than five solar eclipses. On the other hand, there can not be more than three lunar eclipses in a year, but they may not be at all. Most often in the year, there are two solar and two lunar eclipses.But sometimes there are years when there are seven eclipses. And in ancient times it was noticed that after the expiration of eighteen years of ten days the eclipses are repeated. So, for example, if in any year there were seven eclipses (which all were in the same place, of course, were not visible), then in eighteen years the year will come again, in which there will be seven eclipses. In this case, each of them will be 10 days later than it was eighteen years ago.

An Analysis on Antiheros in J.D. Salingerâ„¢s The Catcher in the Rye and Diablo Codyâ„¢s Juno and the Preservation of Childhood Innocence Essay Example For Students

An Analysis on Antiheros in J.D. Salingerâ„ ¢s The Catcher in the Rye and Diablo Codyâ„ ¢s Juno and the Preservation of Childhood Innocence Essay An archetypal hero is respected for their good moral character, maturity, and courage. In J. D. Salingers The Catcher in the Rye and Diablo Codys Juno there are excellent examples of antiheros, characters who lack heroic qualities, but are still considered to be protagonists. J. D. Salingers The Catcher in the Rye features Holden Caulfield, a sixteen year old teenager from New York, who has been expelled from school multiple times. Holden deals with the phoniness of his classmates, roommates, and teachers, and tries to come to terms with the fact that society is superficial and materialistic. The main character in Diablo Codys Juno is a sixteen year old girl by the name of Juno, who becomes pregnant and now regrets having intercourse in the first place. She suffers from general pregnancy sickness, emotional stress, and public humiliation. The protagonists in both pieces act as antiheros. Both Holden and Juno are ashamed of their actions, as they reflect poorly on their characters. Though they are embarrassed, both protagonists fail to improve their situations and instead behave like antiheros. Holden and Juno demonstrate cowardice, are irresponsible, and try desperately to preserve their childhood nnocence. Holden and Juno are classified as antiheros because they demonstrate cowardice. Holden acts cowardly when he tries to hide things from his parents. For example, when he got expelled from Pencey Prep because of bad grades and overall bad behaviour, he decided to roam the streets of New York instead of accepting his mistake and facing the consequences. This is illustrated when Holden says, l decided Id take a room in a hotel in New Yorksome very inexpensive hotel and all and Just take it easy till Wednesday. Then, on Wednesday, Id go home all rested up nd feeling swell. I figured my parents probably wouldnt get old Thurmers letter saying Id been given the ax till maybe Tuesday or Wednesday. (Salinger 28). This quote demonstrates that Holden knows that his parents will get angered due to his expulsion from school because of his marks and bad behavior. Moreover, it shows that he realizes that he has no confidence in himself to go take responsibility of his actions. A hero would go face his fears no matter what repercussions it may have. Instead, Holden cowardly decides that running away from his problems will better olve them. Like Holden, Juno acts unheroic when she hides the fact that she is pregnant. For example, instead of suffering the consequences of having unprotected intercourse, resulting in pregnancy, Juno believes that hiding from her problems will further assist her. Juno takes multiple over the counter pregnancy tests to assure that she is actually pregnant, before considering confrontation with her parents. She knows that having a child at a young age is a lot of responsibility, especially because she is a student. In addition, Juno fears what her parents will have to say to her ecause she took a big step in life, and now is trying to back away from it. A real heroine would without hesitation face her problems as she knows sooner or later she signs of pregnancy is better than personally confronting her parents because it will prevent her from being humiliated. Therefore, Holden and Juno lack the courage and self-confidence to face their problems forcing them to behave in a way that is disliked by society. Holden and Junos cowardice highlights their irresponsibility. Where a hero would take responsibility for their actions and address problems directly, Holden and Juno efuse to face the consequences of their actions. .u5243cb96abc8d749b76957c02732bbaf , .u5243cb96abc8d749b76957c02732bbaf .postImageUrl , .u5243cb96abc8d749b76957c02732bbaf .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u5243cb96abc8d749b76957c02732bbaf , .u5243cb96abc8d749b76957c02732bbaf:hover , .u5243cb96abc8d749b76957c02732bbaf:visited , .u5243cb96abc8d749b76957c02732bbaf:active { border:0!important; } .u5243cb96abc8d749b76957c02732bbaf .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u5243cb96abc8d749b76957c02732bbaf { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u5243cb96abc8d749b76957c02732bbaf:active , .u5243cb96abc8d749b76957c02732bbaf:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u5243cb96abc8d749b76957c02732bbaf .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u5243cb96abc8d749b76957c02732bbaf .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u5243cb96abc8d749b76957c02732bbaf .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u5243cb96abc8d749b76957c02732bbaf .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u5243cb96abc8d749b76957c02732bbaf:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u5243cb96abc8d749b76957c02732bbaf .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u5243cb96abc8d749b76957c02732bbaf .u5243cb96abc8d749b76957c02732bbaf-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u5243cb96abc8d749b76957c02732bbaf:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Hunters Gatherers EssayHolden shows irresponsibility when he lies to please himself. For example, while residing in New York for a few days, he was offered a night with a prostitute. When the elevator operator says, How old are you, chief? Holden answers, Why? Twenty-two. The operator continues and asks Holden if hes Innarested in having a good time. Holden, who wants Just a throw, can be seen as self-indulgent, someone who would lie Just to get the time with the prostitute (Salinger 49). Furthermore, Holden agrees to an interaction with the rostitute because he know that there will be no commitment that comes with it. Holden commits to this throw with the prostitute because he know that no one but him will be affected. Holden did not think about the outcomes of roaming New York alone or of running away from school. Therefore, he is an irresponsible and antiheroic protagonist. Juno shows irresponsibility when she engages in intercourse. Knowing that intercourse can lead to impregnation or even disease. Despite the fact that Juno and her boyfriend, Bleeker, engage in sex unprotected, Juno thinks that iding the fact the she got impregnated is the best way to go in comparison to truthfully telling her parents. Juno did not consider the plausible outcomes of being pregnant at the age of sixteen. Being irresponsible, Juno takes multiple pregnancy tests to assure that she is in fact expecting a baby. She also informs her friend before telling her parents, which shows clearly that she is too scared to confront them, making her irresponsible. This shows that Juno lacks sense of responsibility, and she also thinks that what she does is right. Thus, Holden and Juno are both antiheros, rovided that they evade responsibility and are self-absorbed. Holden and Juno act as antiheros with the goal of preserving their childhood innocence. Holden shows that he is unwilling to grow up when he backed down from participating with the prostitute. For example, when he paid to get a prostitute in his room, all he wanted to do was talk and not engage in any sexual activity. This is demonstrated when Holden asks the prostitute, Dont you feel like talking for a while? (Salinger 51). This quote shows that Holden thought the prostitute will make him feel better, as it would get things off his mind. By not engaging in intercourse, Holden he thought that by not engaging in sexual activity he will maintain his innocence by keeping his virginity. By not giving up his virginity to the prostitute, he keeps himself from attachment and maintains his purity. Juno also shows that she is desperately trying to maintain her childhood. Instead of having the baby and Just keeping it or putting it up for adoption, Juno immediately decided to get information about abortion. This is shown when she calls the Womens Health Clinic and gets an appointment to get an abortion. It is obvious that Juno thought that not having a baby ould not have to accept responsibility for her actions. Though both Juno and Holden behave as antiheros and try to prevent their growing up, in the end, they must be accountable for their actions. Throughout the novel, Holden illustrates why being a child has more benefits than being an adult. Many people criticize Holden because all he does is rant about all his problems, and instead of dealing with it, he Just leaves it behind assuming it will go away. Throughout the movie, Juno demonstrates why being a child is so important: life at a fast pace is unpleasant. In order to maintain their childhood and to keep their lives simple, both Holden and Juno act immorally. They act as antiheros, individuals who are not good examples for society. Holden and Juno demonstrate cowardice, because they are too scared to face their problems. In their cowardly behaviour, they are irresponsible because they do things to please themselves and do not accept the consequences of their actions. Juno and Holden are self-absorbed, and try desperately to preserve their childhood innocence because they are afraid of growing up and taking responsibility for themselves. .uca7c1bb18983fa82de57a89bd4e5fa2b , .uca7c1bb18983fa82de57a89bd4e5fa2b .postImageUrl , .uca7c1bb18983fa82de57a89bd4e5fa2b .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uca7c1bb18983fa82de57a89bd4e5fa2b , .uca7c1bb18983fa82de57a89bd4e5fa2b:hover , .uca7c1bb18983fa82de57a89bd4e5fa2b:visited , .uca7c1bb18983fa82de57a89bd4e5fa2b:active { border:0!important; } .uca7c1bb18983fa82de57a89bd4e5fa2b .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uca7c1bb18983fa82de57a89bd4e5fa2b { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uca7c1bb18983fa82de57a89bd4e5fa2b:active , .uca7c1bb18983fa82de57a89bd4e5fa2b:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uca7c1bb18983fa82de57a89bd4e5fa2b .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uca7c1bb18983fa82de57a89bd4e5fa2b .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uca7c1bb18983fa82de57a89bd4e5fa2b .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uca7c1bb18983fa82de57a89bd4e5fa2b .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uca7c1bb18983fa82de57a89bd4e5fa2b:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uca7c1bb18983fa82de57a89bd4e5fa2b .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uca7c1bb18983fa82de57a89bd4e5fa2b .uca7c1bb18983fa82de57a89bd4e5fa2b-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uca7c1bb18983fa82de57a89bd4e5fa2b:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Romeo And Juliet With Midsummer Nights Dream EssayIn the end, however, both Juno and Holden grow up. Juno decides to keep the baby and put it up for adoption. This shows that she is taking responsibility for her actions and thinking of the baby before herself. Holden, who returns home and realizes that his sister Phoebe needs him, also shows this sense of responsibility. He considers himself an influence to his sister, and thinks of her safety before his ease. In short, though Holden and Juno behave as antiheros, at the end of their stories, both protagonists begin to grow and show heroic traits. Resources Salinger, J. D. The Catcher in the Rye. 115. eBook.