Sylvia Plath the Colossus - 2027 Words

The Colossus by Sylvia Plath as an example of ideology or feminist writing. You may begin by commenting on the different definitions available for ideology in general as well as the theory of feminism. Feminism is discussed in this course as an example of modern theories and is often associated with the issue of ideology. Your discussion should refer to the discussion of these terms as well as the major elements connected to them (e.g. gender, à ©criture feminine, patriarchy, etc.). In your analysis of the poem you may want to ask questions concerning Plath’s personal life and her relationship to male figures in her family. Do you read the poem as a personal or a political poem? Would you characterize Plath as a feminist poet? Always†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ Do the ideological structures appear to be natural when it comes to accepting the females secondary position in society ? †¢ Does woman socialized to believe that her role only in domestic sphere , or as de Beauvoir says woman is a womb which means that people see the only role for woman is to bear children . †¢ Discuss the term the other cuz De Beavouir uses this term in her essay the second sex to diagnose the gender issue ( u can elaborate ) †¢ Talk about the ideological views towards male and female position on society. †¢ U can say the modernist female writers challenge the idea that woman can achieve acceptance and success through writing and working ..etc †¢ Does her poetry and her personal life reflect the theory of feminism or in another word does Sylvia is a feminist writer ? We can say here yes and no , how? We said the feminist theory enhances the idea of empowering woman role in society and demanding for the equality with man. Here Sylvia attacks the man figure in her poetry as a rebellious thing(her father and her husband) . She published her poems which means she is free to do what ever she wants regardless the traditions and social constraints . Sometimes I see her as a feminist and sometimes( I cant say anti-feminist), The proper description is a semi -feminist ( this is my opinion ) .CUZ She conveys her desperate need for the male domination in her life !!, and this sets her aside form theShow MoreRelatedThe Colossus and Daddy by Sylvia Plath802 Words   |  3 Pages Sylvia Plath is one of the greatest poets of all time- the queen of confessional poetry. Her writing is thick with figurative language that cannot be interpreted only one way. Sylvia Plath herself was complicated, and she struggled with her own personal hardships up until the day she took her own life. Plath’s father passed when she was only eight, and she struggled with his absence not only though the rest of her childhood but also into adult hood. Many critics believe her famous poems, suchRead MoreCompare and Contrast of Sylvia Plath and Sharon Olds898 Words   |  4 PagesSylvia Plath vs. Sharon Olds Katherine Waldman A traditional American household has changed throughout the years to the point where ‘traditional’ isn’t even politically correct to depict anything about a family anymore. But if we look back to the standard traditional household and there was always a father, a mother, and a 2.5 children. The father has always been designated as the head of the household and something that Sylvia Plath and Sharon Olds have in common is just that, that theyRead MoreSylvia Plath and Anne Sexton1240 Words   |  5 Pages â€Å" Confessional Poets† Sylvia Plath (1932-1963) and Anne Sexton (1928-1974) both explored similar themes such as tone, structure, and symbolism. Many of their poems were cries for help, which resulted into metal illness, depression, and suicide. In 1958, Anne Sexton and Sylvia Plath met, and much to their surprise had a few things in common. They both were fascinated with death and suicide. Both Sexton’s and Plath’s poetryRead MoreIn American society, the common stereotype is that the father has the role of the dominant figure800 Words   |  4 PagesIn American society, the common stereotype is that the father has the role of the dominant figure in the household. Sylvia Plath and Sharon Olds may come across as two seemingly different poets, however, they are really quite similar, especially in their driving forces behind their writing styles in poetry. The lives of Plath and Olds are both expressive of the realities of a father-dominated family, in which both of these poets lost their fa thers at a young age. This is significant because bothRead MoreEssay on The American Dream Gone Wrong in the Works of Sylvia Plath2071 Words   |  9 Pages Much of Sylvia Plaths poetry and her only novel, The Bell Jar, reflect her feelings of mental instability. Plath grew up in Massachusetts and was an intelligent and successful writer at a young age. She was living an American dream. However, her idyllic life was more like a nightmare for Sylvia Plath. She drove herself hard; it was important to her to succeed. When she began to doubt herself and the world around her she became mentally ill. Sylvia Plath was born in Boston, Massachusetts onRead MoreSylvia Plath was American short-story writer, poet and novelist that was born on October 27, 1932900 Words   |  4 PagesSylvia Plath was American short-story writer, poet and novelist that was born on October 27, 1932 in Boston, Massachusetts and died on February 11, 1963. Sylvia Plath is best known for, her books of poems, â€Å"The Colossus and Other Poems Collection† and the â€Å"Ariel Collection† of Poems.Plath’s poetry was known for its rhyme, alliteration and disturbing and violent imagery. Plath’s poetry is considered part of the Confessional movement, which became very popular in the United States during the 1950sRead MoreThe Life of Sylvia Plath1006 Words   |  5 PagesThe Life of Sylvia Plath Sylvia Plaths life, like her manic depression, constantly jumped between Heaven and Hell. Her seemingly perfect exterior hid a turbulent and deeply troubled spirit. A closer look at her childhood and personal experiences removes some element of mystery from her writings. One central character to Sylvia Plaths poems is her father, Professor Otto Emile Plath. Otto Plath was diabetic and refused to stay away from foods restricted by his doctor. As a resultRead MoreSylvia Plath s Life And Life1209 Words   |  5 PagesAmerican poet Sylvia Plath once stated â€Å"eternity bores me, I never wanted it.† This quote, from her poem, â€Å"Years,† expressed that she did not want to live forever. It even suggested a foreshadowing of her suicide in 1963. This quote is also from one of her many poems, which were greatly influenced by her life. To learn how Plath’s life affected her writing, researchers studied main topics on her life and her works, including her early life, career, and literary works. To begin with, one of the topicsRead MoreSylvia Plath s Life And Life1229 Words   |  5 PagesAmerican poet Sylvia Plath once said â€Å"eternity bores me, I never wanted it.† This quote, from her poem, â€Å"Years,† expresses that she did not want to live forever. It might even suggest a foreshadowing of her suicide in 1963. This quote is also from one of her many poems, which are greatly influenced by her life. To learn how Plath’s life affected her writing, researchers study main topics on her life and her works, including her early life, career, and literary works. EARLY LIFE AND FAMILY HISTORYRead More Sylvia Plaths Poetry Essay2870 Words   |  12 PagesSylvia Plaths Poetry Wrapped in gaseous mystique, Sylvia Plath’s poetry has haunted enthusiastic readers since immediately after her death in February, 1963. Like her eyes, her words are sharp, apt tools which brand her message on the brains and hearts of her readers. With each reading, she initiates them forever into the shrouded, vestal clan of her own mind. How is the reader to interpret those singeing, singing words? Her work may be read as a lone monument, with no ties to the world

Crm in Nike Adidas - 945 Words

4. Analyse critically how Customer Relationship Management (CRM) system can play an important role to increase profits for each of the organization. CRM (Customer Relationship Management) is an information industry term for methodologies, software, and usually Internet capabilities that help an enterprise manage customer relationships in an organized way. For example, an enterprise might build a database about its customers that described relationships in sufficient detail so that management, salespeople, people providing service, and perhaps the customer directly could access information, match customer needs with product plans and offerings, remind customers of service requirements, know what other products a customer had†¦show more content†¦Other than that, customer relationship management also helps Bata keep trace with their customer expectations and therefore always make changes on their store design, introduction of trendy designs, and improve the superior service. Moreover, Bata Company is engaged in building trust lies with the customer by implement the customer relationship management. If the customer is s atisfied and loyal to their brand, the company will grow and give good returns to the investors which will further remunerate and motivate their employee. Customer relationship management also help the management level of Bata Company foresee the opportunities in the market growth and a rapidly expanding middle class. For this, they can systematically transform Bata into a completely customer centric organization to serve this new market. Bata uses sales management and customer support in the CRM system to gather data about their customer and used to facilitate customer service transactions by making the information needed to resolve the issue or concern readily available to those dealing with the customers. This results in more satisfied customers, a more profitable business and more resources available to the support staff. Furthermore, CRM systems are a great help to the management in deciding on the future course of the company. (Andrew, 2011). In order for Bata to increase the ir profit they are trying to maximize their customerShow MoreRelatedNike Crm971 Words   |  4 PagesEvaluation of Nike’s CRM programme Nike’s Rationale for implementing CRM programme In nowadays business world, Customer Relationship Management (CRM) is an essential for a business strategy for every company. Our chosen company is Nike, one of the largest supplier of sportswear which include shoes and apparel. Implementation of CRM programme is a essential for every successful company. Customer Relationship Management is the core business strategy that integrates internal processes and functionsRead MoreNike Has Achieved Economies Of Scale940 Words   |  4 Pagessubsidies. With such a grand scale of suppliers, Nike has achieved economies of scale. Nike ensures that their suppliers perform at the most competitive levels by implementing a performance measurement system known as the Manufacturing Index (MI). (Appendix) This index monitors quality, cost, delivery time and sustainability, and is frequently monitored each period. Suppliers who fall below a certain threshold – which they call the bronze level – have their contracts nullified. Quality: Nike’sRead MoreNike Marketing Strategy5981 Words   |  24 PagesProfessor Gregory F StiberBy: Brizaida Ribalta, Jessica Halsey and Shereen Hijazi | Nike, Inc. | Marketing Plan Project | Nova Southeastern University H. Wayne Huizenga School of Business amp; Entrepreneurship    Assignment for Course: | MKTP 5005 – Introductory Marketing   Ã‚   | Submitted to: | Gregory F Stiber | Submitted by: | Brizaida Ribalta, Jessica Halsey, Shereen Hijazi. | | | | | | | | | Date of Submission: August 30th, 2012 Title of Assignment: Term ProjectRead MoreAdidas: Information System1430 Words   |  6 PagesINFORMATION SYSTEMS IN ADIDAS UK Case study based on interview with Christopher Caddick IT manager in Trafford Distribution Centre Author: Krzysztof Bazan Submitted 02/03/2010 What is the Adidas? What are the information systems used by the company? What are the systems used for? What is a history of systems implementation within the company and why they were brought in? Are there any further plans for information systems in the Adidas UK and Adidas UK area north. Adidas is a German-based sportsRead MoreSupply Chain Management - Nike Adidas4205 Words   |  17 Pagesshareholder value (Niezen, Weller Deringer, 2007). Nike and Adidas are two global companies try to improve their competitive advantage through strategically managing and utilizing their supply chain. The purpose of this report is to compare and evaluate the supply chain management practices of Nike Adidas. 2. CORPORATE PROFILE 2.1 Nike Corporate Profile Based in Beaverton, Oregon, and employing approximately 29,000 people worldwide, Nike Inc. is the worlds leading designer and marketer ofRead MoreAdidas Case2447 Words   |  10 PagesAdidas Case 1. To evaluate the competitive environment in which adidas launched the â€Å"mi adidas† pilot I will use the five competitive forces model. |Competitive Force |IT Influence on Competitive Force | |Threat of New Entrants |LOW - The main brands in the market (Nike, New Balance, and Adidas) have already | | |launched their respectiveRead MoreAdidas - Crm Technology4667 Words   |  19 Pagesare now the key strategic resource of a business. Strategic partnerships and networks are replacing simple market-based transactions. The purpose of this paper is to investigate this claim in the context of various relationships maintained by the adidas ® group. Approach Ââ€" A detailed analysis was carried out to consider how the organisation has adopted a customer-oriented approach as their key strategy for improved business. This includes factors like increased loyalty of the customers, innovationRead MoreUnder Armour Is The Third Biggest Sportswear Brand Of The Us Losing The First Place1958 Words   |  8 Pagesfirst place to Nike. It is a great accomplishment for Under Armour considering the fact that the company was established in 1996. Nevertheless, Under Armour does not have a well-known name so that people will actually consider it to have a real possibility to create a threat to Nike and surpass them at some point. Under Armour faces many competitors besides Nike, like Adidas, Reebok, and Puma. While Under Armour makes exceptional products that are of similar quality, what makes Nike so much strongerRead MoreNike Case Study5183 Words   |  21 PagesNike Case Study The US-based Nike Corporation announced that it had generated profits of $97.4 million, around $48 million below its earlier forecast for the third quarter ended February 28, 2001. The company said that the failure in the supply chain software installation by i2 Technologies3 was the cause of this revenue shortfall. This admission of failure also affected the companys reputation as an innovative user of technology. The supply chain software implementation was the first part ofRead MoreWhat Are the Three Levels at Which a Product Can Be Seen? in Response, Use a Concrete Example of Product.7724 Words   |  31 Pagesal(2006) I shall use the example of the Adidas Sports apparel, a product line which they have used heavy societal marketing to promote. Adidas is the largest sportswear manufacturer in Europe, and the second largest in the world. The 11% increase in sales in 2011 thanks to their new marketing efforts has meant an income of around 634 million euros. Out of this, they invested about 136 million euros in Marketing. About 1/6th of their income. -Adidas annual report (2011) The strategy

Forests Free Essays

string(42) " The largest sanctuary is in West Bengal\." INTRODUCTION The  Wildlife in India  is a mix of species of different types of organisms. The forests of India are ancient in nature and composition. Indian people need to have more wildlife education. We will write a custom essay sample on Forests or any similar topic only for you Order Now They are rich in variety and shelter a wide range of flora and fauna and insects. The fact they have existed from time immemorial is substantiated from the ancient texts all of which have some mention of the forests. Even today in parts of India the sacred forests exist and are worshiped. The wildlife in India is equally diverse and rich. From big animals like elephants and tiger and deers and bisons to small reptiles the Indian forests are teeming with life force. But unfortunately most Indians don’t understand the importance of this rich wealth of forest and wildlife India has. Felling of tress and illegal poaching of animals are fast depleting the forest and wild life wealth of India. So efforts must be taken to stop these malpractices and conserve the forest and wild life of India. KINDS OF NATURAL RESOURCES Natural resources are resources in the environment that have not been disturbed by mankind. By resource, one refers to any physical entity which has limited availability. These resources occur in their natural form. Few examples are as follows: 1. Air, wind, and atmosphere 2. Plants (Flora) 3. Animals (Fauna) 4. Agronomy (the science of using plants for food, fuel, feed, and fiber) 5. Wildlife 6. Forestry and Agroforestry 7. Coal and fossil fuels 8. Range and pasture 9. Soils 10. Water, oceans, lakes, and rivers Something that people generally aren’t aware of is that everything we use in everyday life is derived from natural resources. For example, milk, which comes from cows, vegetables that come from plants, salt which is a mineral, etc. Wood that we get from tree is another example. It can be used to build a house, make paper, burn in fireplaces and in stoves for cooking, etc. FOREST RESOURCES Forests have a tremendous importance to the humans. They constitute important components of our environment. Forests are important renewable natural resource. Forest ecosystem is dominated by trees, the species varying in different parts of the world. Forests are intimately linked with our culture and civilization. The chief products which forests supply is wood which is used as fuel raw materials, new materials for various industries as pulp, paper, board, plywood, timber for furniture items. Forests influence flood conditions by intercepting surface run-off infiltration, evaporation, and most importantly provide suitable habitats for a number of important plant and animal species and this help in maintaining a broad genetic base from which future strains of species could be developed. Forests also have aesthetic and tourist values. Forest resources play an important role in the development of regions, states and nations. SOIL EROSION Soil erosion is when the soil is  blown away  by the wind orwashed away  by the rain. Soil erosion is common in areas with steep slopes, where trees have been cut down, in droughts when crops and other vegetation grows poorly and in rural areas which are overpopulated. Nepal, in the Himalayan Mountains, has severe problems caused by increased population density and steep slopes. Soil erosion can be reduced by building terraces on hillsides, irrigation schemes to overcome droughts, planting more trees to bind the soil together and make wind breaks, and using fertilisers in overpopulated areas to make the soil more fertile. It is very important that the farming techniques used do not damage the structure of the soil, as this makes it easily eroded. Good farming techniques include contour ploughing, crop rotation and keeping the soil rich in humus. THINGS WE GET FROM FOREST Trees  are amazing! They provide beauty, shade, oxygen, clean air and water, fruit, nuts and wood products such as paper, furniture and housing. These benefits are well known. But did you know that literally thousands of products are made from trees? Many are surprising! From the medicine L-Dopa for treating Parkinson’s Disease, to film in your camera, forest products are all around us. When Trees are used  to make lumber and plywood, there are leftover chips, bark sawdust. The chips and sawdust are made into wood pulp for paper and other products. Not too long ago, those leftovers would have been burned as waste. Bark is used for landscaping, and to generate electricity for paper and lumber mills. Modern forest products operations are very efficient at using every part of a tree. Nothing is wasted. Wood  is made of tiny fibers  (cellulose)  and the natural glue that holds them together  (lignin). When wood is turned into pulp for paper, heat and chemicals dissolve the lignin and release the cellulose fibers. Byproducts of this process are used in asphalt, paint, chewing gum, detergents and turpentine. TYPES OF FOREST Piece of land that is thickly covered with trees is the general of definition of a forest. Forest is also known as woods, weald or woodlands. Forests cover approximately 30% of land and 9. 4% of all the planet earth. They are also responsible for regulating our planet’s climate and act as large purifiers of airs, by absorbing carbon dioxide, and giving out oxygen. Types of forests are classified differently from one and another depending upon the species developed with the age of forests, soil found in those forests, the density of trees and history of the geological region. So forests are divided into following main types: * Tropical forest * Sub tropical forest * Plantations * Boreal Forest * Temperate forest * Seasonal or monsoon forest CONSERVATION OF FOREST Our Government has also made laws to prevent unnecessary felling of trees. Government has decided to declare certain forests as protected areas. These protected areas are called Reserves or wild Life Sanctuaries. Here no one is allowed to hunt animals. There are about 150 wild life sanctuaries in India. People come from all over the world to see these sanctuaries. They consist of some of the most beautiful and rare animals. The largest sanctuary is in West Bengal. You read "Forests" in category "Papers" It is called the Sunderbans. This sanctuary is famous for its Bengal tigers. The other well known sanctuaries are Kaziranga in Assam, in Gujarat, Bundipur in Karnataka, Kanha in Madhya Pradesh. Corbetf in Uttar Pradesh, Palamau in Bihar and Periyar in Kerala. The Government has made plans to grow more trees. Vanmahotsava is celebrated every year to plant more trees. Thousands of school children participate in the Van-mahotsava and plant trees every year. Chipko Movement and Narmada Bachao Andolan are some of the movements to save forests and wild life in India. Chipko Movement was started by Shri Sunderlal Bahuguna in Tehri District of Uttar Pradesh. The women of a village in Tehri clung to the trees and protected them from being cut down. Shrimati Medha Patekar started a Movement named Narmada Bachao Andolan to save the forests and wild life in the Narmada region. DEFORESTATION Deforestation,  clearance  or  clearing  is the removal of a forest or stand of trees where the land is thereafter converted to a nonforest use. Examples of deforestation include conversion of forestland to farms, ranches, or urban use. About half of the world’s original forests had been destroyed by 2011, the majority during the previous 50 years. Since 1990 half of the world’s  rain forests  have been destroyed. More than half of the animal and plant species in the world live in tropical forests. The term  deforestation  is often misused to describe any activity where all trees in an area are removed. However in  temperate climates, the  removal of all trees in an area in conformance with  sustainable forestry  practices—is correctly described as  regeneration harvest. In  temperate mesic climates, natural regeneration of forest stands often will not occur in the absence of disturbance, whether natural or anthropogenic. Furthermore, biodiversity after regeneration harvest often mimics that found after natural disturbance, including biodiversity loss after naturally occurring rainforest destruction. Deforestation occurs for many reasons: trees are cut down to be used or sold as fuel (sometimes in the form of  charcoal) or timber, while cleared land is used as  pasture  for livestock, plantations of commodities, and settlements. AFFORESTATION Afforestation  is the establishment of a forest or stand of trees in an area where there was no forest. Reforestation  is the reestablishment of forest cover, either naturally (by natural seeding, coppice, or root suckers) or artificially (by direct seeding or planting). Many governments and non-governmental organizations directly engage in programs of  afforestation  to create forests, increase  carbon capture  and  sequestration, and help to anthropogenically improve  biodiversity. (In the UK, afforestation may mean converting the legal status of some land to â€Å"royal forest†. ) Special tools, e. g. tree planting bar, are used to make planting of trees easier and faster. Less than 0,5% of South Africa is covered by indigenous forests. Owing to their slow growth and sensitivity to logging, these forests cannot supply the majority of our country’s wood requirements. Additional fast-growing trees are planted to cater for the demand for wood products. Commercial forests, or plantations, cover 1,1% of South Africa. VANAMAHOTSAVA Van=forests mahotsava=festival So vanamahotsava is the festival of forests. The day to remind all of us that we should take care of priceless forests. Vanamahotsava is a big celebration day for forest officials, forest rangers, DFOs, employees, and their contractors, suppliers, mahaldars etc. On this day they all get together and take decision n promise for the coming year and calculate the present year’s gross income. On this day they enquire about their deposit in the bank, the deposit which is said to be their side income, happens to b their monthly salary and send their family member to the bank to meet the branch manager to enquire how to make fixed deposits in some Alia’s name. Actually they not require the meagre salary they earn as their legitimate income, when they earn daily in multiples of that. WILDLIFE SANCTUARIES India  has over 441  animal sanctuaries, referred to as  Wildlife sanctuaries  (IUCN  Category IVProtected Area). Among these, the 28  Tiger Reserves  are governed by  Project Tiger, and are of special significance in the conservation of the  tiger. Some wildlife sanctuaries are specifically named  Bird Sanctuary, e. g. Keoladeo National Park  before attained National Park status. Many National Parks were initially Wildlife Sanctuaries. Wildlife sanctuaries of national importance to conservation, usually due to some flagship faunal species, are named  National Wildlife Sanctuary, like  National Chambal (Gharial) Wildlife Sanctuary  for conserving the  Gharial  (1978) NATIONAL PARKS A  national park  is a reserve of natural, semi-natural, or developed land that a sovereign state declares or owns. It is most commonly a  natural park. Although individual nations designate their own national parks differently, an international organization, the  International Union for Conservation of Nature  (IUCN), and its World Commission on Protected Areas, has defined â€Å"National Park† as its  Category II  type of  protected areas. While ideas for this type of national park had been suggested previously, the United States established the first such one,  Yellowstone National Park, in 1872. The largest national park in the world meeting the IUCN definition is the  Northeast Greenland National Park, which was established in 1974. According to the IUCN, there were 6,555 national parks worldwide in 2006 that meet its criteria. INTRODUCTION The  Wildlife in India  is a mix of species of different types of organisms. The forests of India are ancient in nature and composition. Indian people need to have more wildlife education. They are rich in variety and shelter a wide range of flora and fauna and insects. The fact they have existed from time immemorial is substantiated from the ancient texts all of which have some mention of the forests. Even today in parts of India the sacred forests exist and are worshiped. The wildlife in India is equally diverse and rich. From big animals like elephants and tiger and deers and bisons to small reptiles the Indian forests are teeming with life force. But unfortunately most Indians don’t understand the importance of this rich wealth of forest and wildlife India has. Felling of tress and illegal poaching of animals are fast depleting the forest and wild life wealth of India. So efforts must be taken to stop these malpractices and conserve the forest and wild life of India. KINDS OF NATURAL RESOURCES Natural resources are resources in the environment that have not been disturbed by mankind. By resource, one refers to any physical entity which has limited availability. These resources occur in their natural form. Few examples are as follows: 1. Air, wind, and atmosphere 2. Plants (Flora) 3. Animals (Fauna) 4. Agronomy (the science of using plants for food, fuel, feed, and fiber) 5. Wildlife 6. Forestry and Agroforestry 7. Coal and fossil fuels 8. Range and pasture . Soils 10. Water, oceans, lakes, and rivers Something that people generally aren’t aware of is that everything we use in everyday life is derived from natural resources. For example, milk, which comes from cows, vegetables that come from plants, salt which is a mineral, etc. Wood that we get from tree is another example. It can be used to build a house, make paper, burn in fireplaces and in stoves for cooking, etc. FOREST RESOURCES Forests have a tremendous importance to the humans. They constitute important components of our environment. Forests are important renewable natural resource. Forest ecosystem is dominated by trees, the species varying in different parts of the world. Forests are intimately linked with our culture and civilization. The chief products which forests supply is wood which is used as fuel raw materials, new materials for various industries as pulp, paper, board, plywood, timber for furniture items. Forests influence flood conditions by intercepting surface run-off infiltration, evaporation, and most importantly provide suitable habitats for a number of important plant and animal species and this help in maintaining a broad genetic base from which future strains of species could be developed. Forests also have aesthetic and tourist values. Forest resources play an important role in the development of regions, states and nations. SOIL EROSION Soil erosion is when the soil is  blown away  by the wind orwashed away  by the rain. Soil erosion is common in areas with steep slopes, where trees have been cut down, in droughts when crops and other vegetation grows poorly and in rural areas which are overpopulated. Nepal, in the Himalayan Mountains, has severe problems caused by increased population density and steep slopes. Soil erosion can be reduced by building terraces on hillsides, irrigation schemes to overcome droughts, planting more trees to bind the soil together and make wind breaks, and using fertilisers in overpopulated areas to make the soil more fertile. It is very important that the farming techniques used do not damage the structure of the soil, as this makes it easily eroded. Good farming techniques include contour ploughing, crop rotation and keeping the soil rich in humus. THINGS WE GET FROM FOREST Trees  are amazing! They provide beauty, shade, oxygen, clean air and water, fruit, nuts and wood products such as paper, furniture and housing. These benefits are well known. But did you know that literally thousands of products are made from trees? Many are surprising! From the medicine L-Dopa for treating Parkinson’s Disease, to film in your camera, forest products are all around us. When Trees are used  to make lumber and plywood, there are leftover chips, bark sawdust. The chips and sawdust are made into wood pulp for paper and other products. Not too long ago, those leftovers would have been burned as waste. Bark is used for landscaping, and to generate electricity for paper and lumber mills. Modern forest products operations are very efficient at using every part of a tree. Nothing is wasted. Wood  is made of tiny fibers  (cellulose)  and the natural glue that holds them together  (lignin). When wood is turned into pulp for paper, heat and chemicals dissolve the lignin and release the cellulose fibers. Byproducts of this process are used in asphalt, paint, chewing gum, detergents and turpentine. TYPES OF FOREST Piece of land that is thickly covered with trees is the general of definition of a forest. Forest is also known as woods, weald or woodlands. Forests cover approximately 30% of land and 9. 4% of all the planet earth. They are also responsible for regulating our planet’s climate and act as large purifiers of airs, by absorbing carbon dioxide, and giving out oxygen. Types of forests are classified differently from one and another depending upon the species developed with the age of forests, soil found in those forests, the density of trees and history of the geological region. So forests are divided into following main types: * Tropical forest * Sub tropical forest * Plantations * Boreal Forest * Temperate forest * Seasonal or monsoon forest CONSERVATION OF FOREST Our Government has also made laws to prevent unnecessary felling of trees. Government has decided to declare certain forests as protected areas. These protected areas are called Reserves or wild Life Sanctuaries. Here no one is allowed to hunt animals. There are about 150 wild life sanctuaries in India. People come from all over the world to see these sanctuaries. They consist of some of the most beautiful and rare animals. The largest sanctuary is in West Bengal. It is called the Sunderbans. This sanctuary is famous for its Bengal tigers. The other well known sanctuaries are Kaziranga in Assam, in Gujarat, Bundipur in Karnataka, Kanha in Madhya Pradesh. Corbetf in Uttar Pradesh, Palamau in Bihar and Periyar in Kerala. The Government has made plans to grow more trees. Vanmahotsava is celebrated every year to plant more trees. Thousands of school children participate in the Van-mahotsava and plant trees every year. Chipko Movement and Narmada Bachao Andolan are some of the movements to save forests and wild life in India. Chipko Movement was started by Shri Sunderlal Bahuguna in Tehri District of Uttar Pradesh. The women of a village in Tehri clung to the trees and protected them from being cut down. Shrimati Medha Patekar started a Movement named Narmada Bachao Andolan to save the forests and wild life in the Narmada region. DEFORESTATION Deforestation,  clearance  or  clearing  is the removal of a forest or stand of trees where the land is thereafter converted to a nonforest use. Examples of deforestation include conversion of forestland to farms, ranches, or urban use. About half of the world’s original forests had been destroyed by 2011, the majority during the previous 50 years. Since 1990 half of the world’s  rain forests  have been destroyed. More than half of the animal and plant species in the world live in tropical forests. The term  deforestation  is often misused to describe any activity where all trees in an area are removed. However in  temperate climates, the  removal of all trees in an area in conformance with  sustainable forestry  practices—is correctly described as  regeneration harvest. In  temperate mesic climates, natural regeneration of forest stands often will not occur in the absence of disturbance, whether natural or anthropogenic. Furthermore, biodiversity after regeneration harvest often mimics that found after natural disturbance, including biodiversity loss after naturally occurring rainforest destruction. Deforestation occurs for many reasons: trees are cut down to be used or sold as fuel (sometimes in the form of  charcoal) or timber, while cleared land is used as  pasture  for livestock, plantations of commodities, and settlements. AFFORESTATION Afforestation  is the establishment of a forest or stand of trees in an area where there was no forest. Reforestation  is the reestablishment of forest cover, either naturally (by natural seeding, coppice, or root suckers) or artificially (by direct seeding or planting). Many governments and non-governmental organizations directly engage in programs of  afforestation  to create forests, increase  carbon capture  and  sequestration, and help to anthropogenically improve  biodiversity. (In the UK, afforestation may mean converting the legal status of some land to â€Å"royal forest†. ) Special tools, e. g. tree planting bar, are used to make planting of trees easier and faster. Less than 0,5% of South Africa is covered by indigenous forests. Owing to their slow growth and sensitivity to logging, these forests cannot supply the majority of our country’s wood requirements. Additional fast-growing trees are planted to cater for the demand for wood products. Commercial forests, or plantations, cover 1,1% of South Africa. VANAMAHOTSAVA Van=forests mahotsava=festival So vanamahotsava is the festival of forests. The day to remind all of us that we should take care of priceless forests. Vanamahotsava is a big celebration day for forest officials, forest rangers, DFOs, employees, and their contractors, suppliers, mahaldars etc. On this day they all get together and take decision n promise for the coming year and calculate the present year’s gross income. On this day they enquire about their deposit in the bank, the deposit which is said to be their side income, happens to b their monthly salary and send their family member to the bank to meet the branch manager to enquire how to make fixed deposits in some Alia’s name. Actually they not require the meagre salary they earn as their legitimate income, when they earn daily in multiples of that. WILDLIFE SANCTUARIES India  has over 441  animal sanctuaries, referred to as  Wildlife sanctuaries  (IUCN  Category IVProtected Area). Among these, the 28  Tiger Reserves  are governed by  Project Tiger, and are of special significance in the conservation of the  tiger. Some wildlife sanctuaries are specifically named  Bird Sanctuary, e. g. Keoladeo National Park  before attained National Park status. Many National Parks were initially Wildlife Sanctuaries. Wildlife sanctuaries of national importance to conservation, usually due to some flagship faunal species, are named  National Wildlife Sanctuary, like  National Chambal (Gharial) Wildlife Sanctuary  for conserving the  Gharial  (1978) NATIONAL PARKS A  national park  is a reserve of natural, semi-natural, or developed land that a sovereign state declares or owns. It is most commonly a  natural park. Although individual nations designate their own national parks differently, an international organization, the  International Union for Conservation of Nature  (IUCN), and its World Commission on Protected Areas, has defined â€Å"National Park† as its  Category II  type of  protected areas. While ideas for this type of national park had been suggested previously, the United States established the first such one,  Yellowstone National Park, in 1872. The largest national park in the world meeting the IUCN definition is the  Northeast Greenland National Park, which was established in 1974. According to the IUCN, there were 6,555 national parks worldwide in 2006 that meet its criteria. CONCLUSION Wildlife conservation has become an increasingly important practice due to the negative effects of  human activity  on  wildlife. The science of extinction. An endangered species is defined as a population of a living being that is at the danger of becoming extinct because of several reasons. Either they are few in number or are threatened by the varying environmental or predation parameters. The endangered species in India have been identified by different national and international organisations like the World Wildlife Fund (WWF), International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) and the Wildlife Institute of India (WII). INTRODUCTION The  Wildlife in India  is a mix of species of different types of organisms. The forests of India are ancient in nature and composition. Indian people need to have more wildlife education. They are rich in variety and shelter a wide range of flora and fauna and insects. The fact they have existed from time immemorial is substantiated from the ancient texts all of which have some mention of the forests. Even today in parts of India the sacred forests exist and are worshiped. The wildlife in India is equally diverse and rich. From big animals like elephants and tiger and deers and bisons to small reptiles the Indian forests are teeming with life force. But unfortunately most Indians don’t understand the importance of this rich wealth of forest and wildlife India has. Felling of tress and illegal poaching of animals are fast depleting the forest and wild life wealth of India. So efforts must be taken to stop these malpractices and conserve the forest and wild life of India. KINDS OF NATURAL RESOURCES Natural resources are resources in the environment that have not been disturbed by mankind. By resource, one refers to any physical entity which has limited availability. These resources occur in their natural form. Few examples are as follows: 1. Air, wind, and atmosphere 2. Plants (Flora) 3. Animals (Fauna) 4. Agronomy (the science of using plants for food, fuel, feed, and fiber) 5. Wildlife 6. Forestry and Agroforestry 7. Coal and fossil fuels 8. Range and pasture . Soils 10. Water, oceans, lakes, and rivers Something that people generally aren’t aware of is that everything we use in everyday life is derived from natural resources. For example, milk, which comes from cows, vegetables that come from plants, salt which is a mineral, etc. Wood that we get from tree is another example. It can be used to build a house, make paper, burn in fireplaces and in stoves for cooking, etc. FOREST RESOURCES Forests have a tremendous importance to the humans. They constitute important components of our environment. Forests are important renewable natural resource. Forest ecosystem is dominated by trees, the species varying in different parts of the world. Forests are intimately linked with our culture and civilization. The chief products which forests supply is wood which is used as fuel raw materials, new materials for various industries as pulp, paper, board, plywood, timber for furniture items. Forests influence flood conditions by intercepting surface run-off infiltration, evaporation, and most importantly provide suitable habitats for a number of important plant and animal species and this help in maintaining a broad genetic base from which future strains of species could be developed. Forests also have aesthetic and tourist values. Forest resources play an important role in the development of regions, states and nations. SOIL EROSION Soil erosion is when the soil is  blown away  by the wind orwashed away  by the rain. Soil erosion is common in areas with steep slopes, where trees have been cut down, in droughts when crops and other vegetation grows poorly and in rural areas which are overpopulated. Nepal, in the Himalayan Mountains, has severe problems caused by increased population density and steep slopes. Soil erosion can be reduced by building terraces on hillsides, irrigation schemes to overcome droughts, planting more trees to bind the soil together and make wind breaks, and using fertilisers in overpopulated areas to make the soil more fertile. It is very important that the farming techniques used do not damage the structure of the soil, as this makes it easily eroded. Good farming techniques include contour ploughing, crop rotation and keeping the soil rich in humus. THINGS WE GET FROM FOREST Trees  are amazing! They provide beauty, shade, oxygen, clean air and water, fruit, nuts and wood products such as paper, furniture and housing. These benefits are well known. But did you know that literally thousands of products are made from trees? Many are surprising! From the medicine L-Dopa for treating Parkinson’s Disease, to film in your camera, forest products are all around us. When Trees are used  to make lumber and plywood, there are leftover chips, bark sawdust. The chips and sawdust are made into wood pulp for paper and other products. Not too long ago, those leftovers would have been burned as waste. Bark is used for landscaping, and to generate electricity for paper and lumber mills. Modern forest products operations are very efficient at using every part of a tree. Nothing is wasted. Wood  is made of tiny fibers  (cellulose)  and the natural glue that holds them together  (lignin). When wood is turned into pulp for paper, heat and chemicals dissolve the lignin and release the cellulose fibers. Byproducts of this process are used in asphalt, paint, chewing gum, detergents and turpentine. TYPES OF FOREST Piece of land that is thickly covered with trees is the general of definition of a forest. Forest is also known as woods, weald or woodlands. Forests cover approximately 30% of land and 9. 4% of all the planet earth. They are also responsible for regulating our planet’s climate and act as large purifiers of airs, by absorbing carbon dioxide, and giving out oxygen. Types of forests are classified differently from one and another depending upon the species developed with the age of forests, soil found in those forests, the density of trees and history of the geological region. So forests are divided into following main types: * Tropical forest * Sub tropical forest * Plantations * Boreal Forest * Temperate forest * Seasonal or monsoon forest CONSERVATION OF FOREST Our Government has also made laws to prevent unnecessary felling of trees. Government has decided to declare certain forests as protected areas. These protected areas are called Reserves or wild Life Sanctuaries. Here no one is allowed to hunt animals. There are about 150 wild life sanctuaries in India. People come from all over the world to see these sanctuaries. They consist of some of the most beautiful and rare animals. The largest sanctuary is in West Bengal. It is called the Sunderbans. This sanctuary is famous for its Bengal tigers. The other well known sanctuaries are Kaziranga in Assam, in Gujarat, Bundipur in Karnataka, Kanha in Madhya Pradesh. Corbetf in Uttar Pradesh, Palamau in Bihar and Periyar in Kerala. The Government has made plans to grow more trees. Vanmahotsava is celebrated every year to plant more trees. Thousands of school children participate in the Van-mahotsava and plant trees every year. Chipko Movement and Narmada Bachao Andolan are some of the movements to save forests and wild life in India. Chipko Movement was started by Shri Sunderlal Bahuguna in Tehri District of Uttar Pradesh. The women of a village in Tehri clung to the trees and protected them from being cut down. Shrimati Medha Patekar started a Movement named Narmada Bachao Andolan to save the forests and wild life in the Narmada region. DEFORESTATION Deforestation,  clearance  or  clearing  is the removal of a forest or stand of trees where the land is thereafter converted to a nonforest use. Examples of deforestation include conversion of forestland to farms, ranches, or urban use. About half of the world’s original forests had been destroyed by 2011, the majority during the previous 50 years. Since 1990 half of the world’s  rain forests  have been destroyed. More than half of the animal and plant species in the world live in tropical forests. The term  deforestation  is often misused to describe any activity where all trees in an area are removed. However in  temperate climates, the  removal of all trees in an area in conformance with  sustainable forestry  practices—is correctly described as  regeneration harvest. In  temperate mesic climates, natural regeneration of forest stands often will not occur in the absence of disturbance, whether natural or anthropogenic. Furthermore, biodiversity after regeneration harvest often mimics that found after natural disturbance, including biodiversity loss after naturally occurring rainforest destruction. Deforestation occurs for many reasons: trees are cut down to be used or sold as fuel (sometimes in the form of  charcoal) or timber, while cleared land is used as  pasture  for livestock, plantations of commodities, and settlements. AFFORESTATION Afforestation  is the establishment of a forest or stand of trees in an area where there was no forest. Reforestation  is the reestablishment of forest cover, either naturally (by natural seeding, coppice, or root suckers) or artificially (by direct seeding or planting). Many governments and non-governmental organizations directly engage in programs of  afforestation  to create forests, increase  carbon capture  and  sequestration, and help to anthropogenically improve  biodiversity. (In the UK, afforestation may mean converting the legal status of some land to â€Å"royal forest†. ) Special tools, e. g. tree planting bar, are used to make planting of trees easier and faster. Less than 0,5% of South Africa is covered by indigenous forests. Owing to their slow growth and sensitivity to logging, these forests cannot supply the majority of our country’s wood requirements. Additional fast-growing trees are planted to cater for the demand for wood products. Commercial forests, or plantations, cover 1,1% of South Africa. VANAMAHOTSAVA Van=forests mahotsava=festival So vanamahotsava is the festival of forests. The day to remind all of us that we should take care of priceless forests. Vanamahotsava is a big celebration day for forest officials, forest rangers, DFOs, employees, and their contractors, suppliers, mahaldars etc. On this day they all get together and take decision n promise for the coming year and calculate the present year’s gross income. On this day they enquire about their deposit in the bank, the deposit which is said to be their side income, happens to b their monthly salary and send their family member to the bank to meet the branch manager to enquire how to make fixed deposits in some Alia’s name. Actually they not require the meagre salary they earn as their legitimate income, when they earn daily in multiples of that. WILDLIFE SANCTUARIES India  has over 441  animal sanctuaries, referred to as  Wildlife sanctuaries  (IUCN  Category IVProtected Area). Among these, the 28  Tiger Reserves  are governed by  Project Tiger, and are of special significance in the conservation of the  tiger. Some wildlife sanctuaries are specifically named  Bird Sanctuary, e. g. Keoladeo National Park  before attained National Park status. Many National Parks were initially Wildlife Sanctuaries. Wildlife sanctuaries of national importance to conservation, usually due to some flagship faunal species, are named  National Wildlife Sanctuary, like  National Chambal (Gharial) Wildlife Sanctuary  for conserving the  Gharial  (1978) NATIONAL PARKS A  national park  is a reserve of natural, semi-natural, or developed land that a sovereign state declares or owns. It is most commonly a  natural park. Although individual nations designate their own national parks differently, an international organization, the  International Union for Conservation of Nature  (IUCN), and its World Commission on Protected Areas, has defined â€Å"National Park† as its  Category II  type of  protected areas. While ideas for this type of national park had been suggested previously, the United States established the first such one,  Yellowstone National Park, in 1872. The largest national park in the world meeting the IUCN definition is the  Northeast Greenland National Park, which was established in 1974. According to the IUCN, there were 6,555 national parks worldwide in 2006 that meet its criteria. CONCLUSION Wildlife conservation has become an increasingly important practice due to the negative effects of  human activity  on  wildlife. The science of extinction. An endangered species is defined as a population of a living being that is at the danger of becoming extinct because of several reasons. Either they are few in number or are threatened by the varying environmental or predation parameters. The endangered species in India have been identified by different national and international organisations like the World Wildlife Fund (WWF), International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) and the Wildlife Institute of India (WII). CONCLUSION Wildlife conservation has become an increasingly important practice due to the negative effects of  human activity  on  wildlife. The science of extinction. An endangered species is defined as a population of a living being that is at the danger of becoming extinct because of several reasons. Either they are few in number or are threatened by the varying environmental or predation parameters. The endangered species in India have been identified by different national and international organisations like the World Wildlife Fund (WWF), International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) and the Wildlife Institute of India (WII). How to cite Forests, Papers

Disney films Essay Example For Students

Disney films Essay Representation is the term given to describe the final image, which has been recorded and then processed to depict a real or fictional subject in a media form.  Women have changed over the years to catch up with modern audiences by changing their appearance the way they dress the way they behave their personality how they act in the actual film for example in Snow White she is always shown doing the house work cooking cleaning thats about it really. In Mulan although her parents want her to get married and settle down she doesnt want to she is kind of girl who is up for an adventure this would never be allowed in Snow Whites time. The word stereotype is meant by characters that are fixed and customary ideas that we grow to accept as being normal.  Snow White (1937)  The two scenes that we discussed in Snow White were the Good verse evil and the ending where the prince saves her, but first I am going to briefly explain on want Snow White is about.  Disneys first full-length animated masterpiece features all the elements of a classic fairy tale a beautiful young, pretty, virginal heroine, an evil queen, Prince Charming and a septet of whistling dwarfs. In hiding from her jealous and wicked stepmother who wants to kill her because she is the most fairest of them all and not her, the fair Snow White takes refuge with a band of kind-hearted, hard-working dwarves: Bashful, Sneezy, Sleepy, Happy, Grumpy, Dopey and Doc. Eventually the vain queen finds Snow White she discises her self as and old women who is selling apples and tricks her into eating a poisoned apple. Luckily, a wandering prince comes to her rescue with one kiss the spell is broken and Snow White lives happily ever after. In the first scene that I am going to discuss Snow White is shown singing love and romantic songs and baking a pie, the weather is nice and sunny with birds singing Snow Whites expectations are that one day her prince will come and marry her and they would live happily ever after this is a typical ending of a Disney film. When the witch is shown (Another typical Disney character she is always destroyed) there is all of a sudden a shadow that casts over Snow Whites face through the window and makes her jump and from romantic songs the music turns to dramatic and fast music to suite the witch and you can hear the withes evil laugh. The witch is wearing a along black hooded cloak, wrinkly skin, evil laugh, hunched back, long fingers with spots growing on them, long finger nails this description suites a stereotype character especially the evil character Snow White is dressed in a long dress with rouge lip stick and red cheeks with pale skin she is tall and very attractive as in all Disney films this is important for the female character to look perfect. The witch tells Snow White that they are wishing apples so Snow White takes the apple and wishes that one day her prince will come and take her away by now the animals have gone to call the dwarfs. As soon as Snow White is about to take a bite the camera closes up near the mouth and the music starts to get louder and louder as soon as she clasps the witch runs out of the cottage the dwarfs get there and chase her with help from the animals deers birds squirrels etc it is raining heavily with thundering and lightening and as the dwarfs chase her she falls off a rock a dies and the animals that represent her are vultures evil like her, were as Snow White has animals that are friendly. .u3a957ddbd4ba71b0cd2cff3dd78466ec , .u3a957ddbd4ba71b0cd2cff3dd78466ec .postImageUrl , .u3a957ddbd4ba71b0cd2cff3dd78466ec .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u3a957ddbd4ba71b0cd2cff3dd78466ec , .u3a957ddbd4ba71b0cd2cff3dd78466ec:hover , .u3a957ddbd4ba71b0cd2cff3dd78466ec:visited , .u3a957ddbd4ba71b0cd2cff3dd78466ec:active { border:0!important; } .u3a957ddbd4ba71b0cd2cff3dd78466ec .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u3a957ddbd4ba71b0cd2cff3dd78466ec { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u3a957ddbd4ba71b0cd2cff3dd78466ec:active , .u3a957ddbd4ba71b0cd2cff3dd78466ec:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u3a957ddbd4ba71b0cd2cff3dd78466ec .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u3a957ddbd4ba71b0cd2cff3dd78466ec .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u3a957ddbd4ba71b0cd2cff3dd78466ec .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u3a957ddbd4ba71b0cd2cff3dd78466ec .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u3a957ddbd4ba71b0cd2cff3dd78466ec:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u3a957ddbd4ba71b0cd2cff3dd78466ec .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u3a957ddbd4ba71b0cd2cff3dd78466ec .u3a957ddbd4ba71b0cd2cff3dd78466ec-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u3a957ddbd4ba71b0cd2cff3dd78466ec:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Film Analysis: Beowulf EssayIn the second scene that I am going to discuss is when Snow White is in her coffin with flowers surrounding her she looks really sweet and innocent in her coffin all the dwarfs are all around her with there hats off showing their respect to her as she was like a mother to them. The music in this scene is very emotional and classical and romantic. The scene is very romantic as well when the prince comes on his lovely white horse and starts singing classical songs in a high-pitched voice he comes near her and takes of his hat sits besides her and lifts the glass lid up and kisses her red lips as soon as he dose this she wakes up all the dwarfs loo k up and begin to smile the prince lifts her up and carries her to the horse now the music changes to lively joyful happy music totally the opposite than before now the dwarfs and animals are dancing in happiness in this scene Snow Whites wish finally come true her prince comes and safes her and they live happily ever after in real life we all know this is hardly ever the case so Snow White stays in the house and dose the house work because she is sure that one day a handsome prince will come marry her. Mulan (1998)  The second film that I am going to discuss is Mulan and the two scenes are the Visit to the matchmaker and when she Disguises her self into a man, but first I am going to tell you a little bit about the film well basically Mulans and family want he to get married and settle down thats why they send her to the matchmaker so she can judge if she can do the basic things that her in laws will expect her to do and to impress the matchmaker but Mulan failed to do this. In ancient China the empire is in danger! The ruthless Huns threaten to take over the beloved country. One man from each family is ordered to join the army and fight.  Young Mulan cant bear to see her aging father go to war. She disguises herself as a man and bravely takes her fathers place in the imperial army. There she meets Shang u. But a sword alone doesnt make a warrior. And sometimes, even having a well-meaning dragon for a friend isnt enough! Only by staying true to her heart will Mulan blossom into a skilled soldier and bring victory to her nation and honour to her family she falls in love with Shang u and lives happily ever after.  In the first scene that I am going to discuss Mulan has to get ready to visit the matchmaker but is late, when she does arrive she has to have a bath choose a dress put her make up on and her family want her to bring honour to them to impress the matchmaker this is showing that in the Chinese culture is important for a women to look perfect all the time this is what there husbands would expect from them. At the matchmakers Mulan is tested on how to pour the tea this also important that a women can cook clean and look after the house, but Mulans visit is unsuccessful. Before the visit Mulan has to look her best she is wearing a long dress white powder on her face red lipstick jewellery and she is given a cricket for good look.  In the second scene Mulan cant bear her father to go war in such a condition so she decides to go instead in the middle of the night Mulan first of all she goes to the ancestors to ask for guidance the music at this point is really affective its really loud and its got a lot of beat to it and its really fast. At this point Mulan puts on fathers armour on and uses the sword to chop off her hair to about shoulder length the camera angles are very close up an the music makes the scene stand out I really like this scene this scene is probably the best one. Mulan disguises her self as a man by cutting her hair, learning how to walk like a man, changing her voice, learning how to talk like man. .ua6d731375438738a837b8c1e08012c9b , .ua6d731375438738a837b8c1e08012c9b .postImageUrl , .ua6d731375438738a837b8c1e08012c9b .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ua6d731375438738a837b8c1e08012c9b , .ua6d731375438738a837b8c1e08012c9b:hover , .ua6d731375438738a837b8c1e08012c9b:visited , .ua6d731375438738a837b8c1e08012c9b:active { border:0!important; } .ua6d731375438738a837b8c1e08012c9b .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ua6d731375438738a837b8c1e08012c9b { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ua6d731375438738a837b8c1e08012c9b:active , .ua6d731375438738a837b8c1e08012c9b:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ua6d731375438738a837b8c1e08012c9b .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ua6d731375438738a837b8c1e08012c9b .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ua6d731375438738a837b8c1e08012c9b .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ua6d731375438738a837b8c1e08012c9b .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ua6d731375438738a837b8c1e08012c9b:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ua6d731375438738a837b8c1e08012c9b .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ua6d731375438738a837b8c1e08012c9b .ua6d731375438738a837b8c1e08012c9b-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ua6d731375438738a837b8c1e08012c9b:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Rang De Basanti - Directed by Rakeysh Omprakash Mehra EssayIn Snow Whites time women were never aloud to get away with what Mulan does in Mulans time it wasnt acceptable either but she was let off differences between Mulan and Snow White are that Snow White enjoys doing housework and cooking were as Mulan doesnt, also the way they dress are different in Snow Whites time women wouldnt have worn trousers only dresses Mulan wears both trousers and dresses Mulan looks different she only wears make-up when she visits the matchmaker wear as Snow White has it on all the time. There cultures are also very different Mulan comes from a Chinese background and Snow White probably come s from a Christian background. Mulan is a clumsy and a forgetful character that acts like a kid she is more active and out going, Snow White is more mature and is more of and indoor person who enjoys housework. The similarities are that they both have to get their men and there is a typical ending they live happily ever after.  Conclusion  Disney are showing in all there films that it is important for a women to get a man and live happily ever after but of course this is not true. I think the changes Disney films have made over time to women roles has reflected on how society has changed by the way women behave and dress differently Disney has kept up to date with that.

A Critical Analysis of Accomplice Witness in India Essay Example

A Critical Analysis of Accomplice Witness in India Essay A Critical Analysis Of Accomplice Witness In India A predicament has remained to exist as to whether a court deciding on the fate of an accused should consider the testimony of a friend in crime. The courts have struggled long to settle down on a practical and prudent solution so that the guilty does not go unpunished and the innocent stays unscathed. It is from this prospective that the courts have made an unceaseth attempt through hoard of judicial decisions to come up with a rule of prudence read into the law of evidence to guide the minds whenever an accomplice renders an account of the crime committed. The writing is an attempt to critically analyze the need for receiving accomplice evidence and the approach of caution adopted in such instances. It aims at simplifying the law with regards to accomplices and approaches it from a practical point of view. It makes an effort to endorse the idea that the flexibility engrained should be retained and the law on the point in India should be modified to suit the need of the hour which is indefinitely the speedy disposal of cases so that justice is rendered for justice delayed is justice denied. WHO IS AN ACCOMPLICE? The Indian Evidence Act, 1872 does not lay down the definition of. An accomplice is a person who has concurred in the commission of an offence 1-2 and the maxim â€Å"participes criminis†3 is included in the term. An accomplice is a person who is guilty-associate in crime or who sustains such a relation to the criminal act that he can be jointly indicted with the principal criminal. A witness concerned may not confess to his participation in a crime and may deny his being an accomplice but it is for the courts to decide on a consideration of the entire evidence whether he is an accomplice. 5 The burden of proving that an accomplice is definitely on the party alleging it for the purpose of invoking the rule while the duty to bring the accomplice character of the evidence to the notice of the court rests upon the prosecution and the court needs to believe by a preponderance of probabilities. We will write a custom essay sample on A Critical Analysis of Accomplice Witness in India specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on A Critical Analysis of Accomplice Witness in India specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on A Critical Analysis of Accomplice Witness in India specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The essential prerequisite is participation in crime willfully and this can be done in various ways7. The term in fullness includes all persons concerned in the commission of the crime, whether they in the strict legal aptness are principals in the first degree8 or second degree9 or merely are accessories before10 or after11 the commission. 12. In India two categories of offenders are recognized- persons who are principals and abettors or instigators and the term accomplice includes both of them i. e. the principal and the privy. 3 The three conditions that need to merge are 1) the felony must be complete 2) the accessory must have the knowledge that the felony has been committed 3) the accessory must harbour or assist the principal. 14 WHEN IS AN ACCOMPLICE COMPETENT WITNESS? Section 118 of the Indian Evidence Act speaks about competency of witness. Competency is a condition precedent for examining a person as witness and the sole test of competency laid down is that the witness should not be prevented from understanding the questions posed to him or from giving rational answers expected out of him by his age, his mental and physical state or disease. 5 At the same time Section 133 speaks about competency of accomplices. Further more in case of accomplice witnesses, he should not be a co-accused under trial in the same case and may be examined on oath. 16 Let us consider the following propositions suggested by courts. First, courts have opined that such competency, which has been conferred on him by a process of law, does not divest him of the character of an accused and he remains a participes criminis17 and this remains the genesis of the major problem surrounding the credibility of such evidence. Secondly, an accomplice by accepting a pardon under Section 306 CrPC becomes a competent witness and may as any other witness be examined on oath, the prosecution must be withdrawn and the accused formally discharged under Section 321 of the Criminal Code before he would be a competent witness18 but even if there is omission to record discharge, an accused is vested with competency as soon as the prosecution is withdrawn. 19 Thirdly, Article 20(3) of the Indian Constitution says that no accused shall be compelled to be a witness against himself. But as a co-accused accepts a pardon of his free will on condition of a true disclosure, in his own interest, and is not compelled to give self-incriminating evidence, the law in Section 306 and 308 of CrPC is not affected and a pardoned accused is bound to make a full disclosure and on his failure to do so he may be tried of the offence originally charged and his statement may be used against him under Section 308. 20 This suggests that a participes criminis continues to be the same and if so then despite the fact that his involvement has been pardoned by a judicial act can be sed for self-incrimination and to expect a â€Å"true and full disclosure† is unreal. SECTION 114 VIS-A-VIS SECTION 133: At the outset, it has been proposed that incorporation of Section 133 when read in the light of Section 118 speaking about the competency of witness does not justify the inclusion of the former in the Act. Further Section 134 which deals with the number of witnesses in a case negates the second part of Section 133 which narrates that the uncorroborated testimony of an accomplice is not illegal. But the inclusion of the section attains a highly elevated status, for without inclusion of this specific section, there existed a dominant chance of the law being misunderstood or misapplied. Section 114, illustration (b) creates a cloud of doubt as to the competency of the accomplice witness and it seems significant when seen from this perspective that inclusion of Section 133 was required to settle a sound basis and caution that merely because the testimony of the accomplice is uncorroborated does not make it illegal. The difficulty in understanding the combined effect of the two sections proceeds largely on the account that their positioned under different Chapters in the Act. It clearly emerges that both- rule laid down in illustration (b) to Section 114 which deals with presumptions of various kinds and the caution laid down in Section 133 are part of the same rule and neither can be ignored in the exercise of judicial discretion, except in cases of a very exceptional nature. The application of the rules together emerges as a rule of practice that has assumed the force of rule of law21 that evidence of the accomplice would be accepted with corroboration. 22 Why this â€Å"practical rule† emerged? This rule is an outcome of experience that an accomplice is unworthy of credit23 for the following: 1. A bare and segregated perusal of Section 133 may instigate the young magistrates and judges at the lower courts to base their convictions on the uncorroborated testimony of accomplice witness on the presumption that the legislature intended to encourage such convictions and such testimonies. . This rule emerged in order to ration the threats that flow from necessity for administration of justice for an accomplice witnesses are a practical mandate as matter of necessity nevertheless they are infamous and the most dangerous forms of witnesses to base a conviction. 3. An accomplice is a ‘partner in guilt’ and is definitely an infamous witness and inevitably distrust flows into what he testifies calling for fullest corroboration in material particulars for a conviction. He may without this burden simply testify to save himself by procuring conviction for others. 4 Section 133 is the absolute rule of law as regards to the evidence of accomplices but this essentially has to be read with the rule of prudence laid down in illustration (b) of Section 114. Section 114 enacts a rule of presumption but this is not a hard and fast presumption that cannot be rebutted, a presumption puris et de jure and the right to raise this presumption as to an accomplice witness is sanctioned by the Act, and it would be an error of law to disregard it, what effect is to be given to it must be determined by the circumstances of each case. 5 It is thus well settled that except in circumstances entailing an exceptional nature, it is the duty of the court to r aise the presumption in section 114 illustration (b), and the legislature requires that the court should make the natural presumption in that section. 26 The result of the combined reading that is to be done to both the sections may be stated as follows: 1) the uncorroborated evidence of an accomplice is admissible. There can be a conviction upon the uncorroborated testimony of the accomplice if believed to be true and this is so especially where there is in question the evidence of a person who is not so much an accomplice as a victim27, 2) Although it is so, experience teaches that an accomplice being an infamous person , it is extremely unsafe to rely upon its testimony unless and until materially corroborated 3) It is the duty of the judge to be warned that it is dangerous to convict on the uncorroborated testimony of an accomplice and an omission to warn with prudence would be misdirection 4) and if a departure is made form thus virtual rule of law , then it has to be showed that the circumstances justify the exceptional treatment for the presumption of unworthiness is raised and corroboration is demanded for administration of justice. However, on a perusal of various judicial decisions it seems that the word of caution under Section 114, illustration (b) has a super imposing sweep over the clear wordings of Section 133 What is corroboration? Corroboration means independent testimony. Lord Abinger said- â€Å" In my opinion that corroboration ought to consist in some circumstance that affect the identity of the party accused. A man who has been guilty of a crime himself will always be able to relate the facts of the case, and if the confirmation be only truth of that history, without identifying the persons, that is really no corroboration at all. If a man were to break upon a house and put a knife to your throat, and steal your property, it would be no corroboration that he had stated the facts correctly, that he had described how the person did put the knife to the throat and steal the property. It would not at all tend to show that the party accused participated in it †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ The danger is that when a man is fixed, and knows that his guilt is detected, he will purchase immunity by falsely accusing others. 28 Independent corroboration does not mean that every detail must be corroborated by independent witnesses and all that is required is that there must be some additional evidence rendering it probable that the story of the accomplice is true. 29 That is to suggest that supposed in a case of conspiracy, if there is corroboration with regards to the general facts of the existence of a conspiracy and also of participation in it of any particular accused, corroboration of the specific acts is unnecessary unless the evidence of the accused is intrinsically subject to suspicion. 30Amount of corroboration cannot be laid down in specific as it depends upon the circumstances; particularly on the crime charged and the degree of the accomplice’s complicity. 31 THE GREY ZONES: THE PERSISTING PREDICAMENT: 1. The need for asking for corroboration is to bridge the gap between the crime and the criminal. The manner and extent of corroboration are however not clearly defined except the relief that it has to be substantial. 32 Some judges have deemed it sufficient, if the witness be confirmed in any material part of the case; others have been satisfied with confirmatory evidence as to corpus deliciti only; but others, with more reasons have thought it essential that corroborative proof should be given of the prisoner having actually participated in the offence: and, when several prisoners are tried, the confirmation should be required as to all of them before all can be safely convicted. 3 Regarding the kind of corroboration requires, the SC held that it would be impossible, indeed it would be dangerous, and to formulate the kind of evidence which should, or would, be regarded as corroboration and its nature and extent must necessarily vary with the circumstances of each case and also in accordance with the offences in question. 34 Often it has been seen that there arises problems when the offence in question is heinous like rape which is committed with accomplices in secret and there may not be any direct evidence for corroboration and resort is done to circumstantial evidence. 35 So the situation stands that there is no fixed standard of corroboration required. 2. The view that before reliance has to be placed on the evidence of an approver the approver must appear repentant is not legally correct. Whether his evidence is reliable or not would and should depend upon the usual tests such as probability of truth of what he said, whether he made a full and complete disclosure , whether his evidence is mere self exculpatory and whether his evidence has been corroborated in material particulars. 36 It is also suggested that apart from satisfying the test of corroboration the accomplice witness has to also fulfill the test of reliability. This does not imply that the evidence of the approver with the corroborating pieces should be treated in two separate compartments. 37 This suggests that the two tests are Siamese twins. But the SC in Swaran Singh v. State of Punjab38 held that since the two sets of statements made by the approver were wholly inconsistent and irreconcilable it lead to a conclusion that there was serious infirmity in the character of the approver and hence was not reliable. 39 In Narayan Chetanram Choudhury v. State of Maharashtra40, it was held that- â€Å"Only such omissions which amount to contradiction in material particulars can be used to discredit the testimony of the witness. The omission on in the police statement by itself would not necessarily render the testimony of the witness unreliable. When the version given by the witness in the Court is different in material particulars from that disclosed in his earlier statements, the case of the prosecution becomes doubtful and not otherwise. Minor contradictions are bound to appear in the statement of truthful witnesses as memory sometimes plays false and the sense of observation differs from person to person. The evidentiary value of the accomplice witness depends considerably upon the circumstances under which the evidence is tendered. 41 But the doubt persists that if the testimony of accomplice is reliable then what is the need for corroboration. What the court considers as reliable and whether the two tests are one and the same thing still needs judicial attention and scrutiny to simplify the law. 3. Courts have been critical about the character of an accomplice. In Indar v. R42, the court opined that the testimony of a man of the very low character who has thrown to the wolves his erstwhile associates and friends in order to save his own skin and who is a criminal and has purchased his liberty by betrayal must be received with great caution. Apart from corroboration, the evidence of the accomplice if at variance with the evidence of another witness on a material point, then it cannot be accepted. 43 Sometimes it is quite possible that the accomplice would have acted under pressure and such person though technically be turned as accomplice would not really evince suspicion in the mind of the judge as to his role. 44 It is the duty of the prosecution to bring forth the character of the accomplice evidence to the notice of the court and then to invite belief by reference to corroborative evidence and it cannot be urged in appeal that it was never suggested in the trial court that a witness was an accomplice, the accused can keep quite and take advantage of the flaw in evidence. But the rule of prudence is often read in isolation in the lower courts whereby the character proof of the accomplice is not regarded and with the prevalent corruption of the criminal justice system, the culprit goes scot free due to the loop holes in the testimony of accomplices on the presumption that the accomplice has low morals. 4. There is nothing in law to justify the proposition that evidence of a witness who happens to be cognizant of a crime or who made no attempt to prevent it, or who did not disclose its commission should only be relied on to the same extent as that of an accomplice. Where an informer was upon his own statement cognizant of the commission of an offence , and omitted to disclose it for six days, the court was not prepared to say that he was an accomplice, but held that his testimony was not such as to justify a conviction except where it was corroborated. 5 The factum that a person of low intelligence being struck with terror made no report of a crime does not make her or him an accomplice. 46 The Supreme Court in the case of Vemireddy v. S47 held – â€Å"If A happens to be present at a murder and takes no part in it, nor endeavours to prevent it, or to apprehend the murderer, this course of conduct will not of itself render him either principal or accessory. † The caution remains that the evidence of such a person should be scanned with the scrutiny of care and corroboration. It may not be possible to rely on their evidence, but they are not accomplices and it leads to confusion of thought to treat them s practically accomplices and then apply the rule of corroboration as to their credibility, instead of judging their credibility by a careful consideration of all the particular facts of the case affecting the evidence48 suggesting the over emphasis that is laid down upon independent corroboration even of witnesses who do not fall under the category of accomplices. 5. Absolute standard of proof does not exist and for a proof to be beyond reasonable doubt, the standard of reasonable man must be adopted. 49 Appreciation of evidence remains a delicate task and often the lower courts have the sole task upon them. A testimony without a fringe of untruth is rare and the court can reject it only when it is tainted to the core, that is, where falsehood and truth are inextricably interwined. 0 The question of weight to be attached to a particular piece of evidence is a matter on which decided cases cannot be of much help. 51 It is a well settled principle of the law of evidence that evidence may be accepted partially or in the whole. Where a part of the evidence is not separable from the rest of the unbelievable part, entire statement is liable to be rejected. 52 Merely because a part of the evidence is not acceptable, the entire evidence can not be rejected. 53 Witnesses cannot be branded liars in toto and their testimony rejected outright even if parts of their statements are demonstrably incorrect or doubtful and it is sound common sense to refuse to apply mechanically the maxim â€Å"f alsus in uno falsus in omnibus†. In criminal cases, the court cannot proceed to consider the evidence of the prosecution witness in a mechanical way. Credibility of a witness should not be accepted merely because it is corroborated by the evidence of other witnesses but credibility should be tested in the touch stone of the probabilities of the case and if the doubt arises with regard to any material fact then the accused should be given the benefit of doubt. 54 But often in cases of accomplice witnesses the rule is applied mechanically forgetting these basic principles of appreciation of evidence. 6. Confession of the co-accused can be treated as substantive evidence55 but not an accomplice witness. Section 3056 says that if in a joint trial for an offence and a confession is made by any one of them, then it should be considered as against such person and also against others and offence in the section includes the abetment of or attempt to commit the offence also. The object of this section is that where an accused person unreservedly confesses his won guilt, and at the same time implicates another person who is jointly tried with him for the same offence, his confession may be taken into consideration against such other person as well as against himself, because the admission of his own guilt operates as a sort of sanction, which, to some extent, takes the place of the sanction of an oath and so affords some guarantee that the whole statement is a true one. 7 Yet in cases it has been held that confession of the co-accused is an evidence of the weak type for it is not required to be given on oath, nor in the presence of the accused and it cannot be tested on cross-examination an d thus it is a much weaker type of evidence than that of the approver which is not subject to any such infirmities. 58 The admitted fact is that there is a tendency to include the innocent with the accused which is peculiarly prevalent in India, as it has been observed on numerous occasions by the Courts that it becomes difficult to guard against all the danger and there by insistence is placed on independent evidence which in some measure implicates such accused. There is an inherent contradiction whereby the Courts have at one point held that confession of co-accused cannot be considered as an accomplice witness and thus it may not require corroboration whilst in other situations the Court considers it as a weak evidence and call for independent testimony is done defeating the earlier reasoning that the co-accused facing a joint-trial with his associates would divulge the truth. Thus it has made the position more complicated and the distinction between an accomplice who has been granted pardon and who still faces trial should be eroded from the legislation and the law should remain that wherever needed the rule of prudence should be adhered. 7. A general rule, courts may act on the testimony of a single witness even where there is no other evidence which supports it. In England, the rules governing warnings to juries in criminal cases about the dangers of unsupported evidence have changed markedly during the last two decades being driven by several concerns, in particular; some old rules were based on the assumptions about the characteristics of certain categories of witnesses which derived from out-dated views and even prejudice, whilst the jury directions which the common law often required were complex, confusing and gave rise to many appeals. The modern law has thus moved towards a position where trial judges have discretion to choose whether to give a simpler form of warning or none at all. 59 This transaction has made redundant a large amount of the previous law concerning the categorization of witnesses and the identification of evidence capable of amounting to corroboration. 60 Two further consequences of these changes seem likely. First, the common law in areas not directly covered by the reforms is nonetheless likely to be developed in future in accordance with the values underpinning the reforms. 61 Thus for instance some simplification of the warnings given in cases involving identification evidence might be predicted. Secondly, the replacement of complex set piece warnings with simpler and more flexible warnings may encourage trial judges to give warnings in suitable cases beyond the strict limits of the previous categories. 62 In R v. Makanjoula63 counsel for the appellants argued that the rationale for such warnings had not evaporated overnight with the bringing into force of sections 32 and 33, and that consequently in the cases under appeal the trial judges ought to have chosen to give warnings in the same terms previous law. The court of Appeal disagreed and held that it would be contrary to policy and purpose of the 1994 Act for judges to continue give warnings in the same terms previously used and in all cases involving accomplices and sexual complainants. The court of appeal acknowledged, however, that judges do still have discretion to give warnings about the dangers of relying on unsupported evidence. The discretion identified by the Court of Appeals in the above mentioned case is a broad one and covers both whether a warning should be given and if so, in what terms should be. In exercising the discretion judges should consider the content and manner of the particular witness’s evidence, the circumstances of the case and the nature of the issues raised in it. 4 To avoid the risk of warnings being based on out-dated stereotypes or prejudice the Court of appeal advised that a warning should be only given about a particular witness’s testimony where there was an evidential basis for suspecting that the testimony could be unreliable. A mere suggestion to the witness in cross-examination that his or her testimony was unreliable will not amount to an evidential basis for this purpose. If there is an evidential basis the judge should vary the terms of any warning65 to be given according to where the witness stands in the scale of unreliability. Set piece warnings were castigated by the Court of Appeal as tortuous and more bewildering than illuminating. Henry L. J. has stated that the ‘old case incrusted orroboration directionglazed the eyes of injuries over generations’. 66 In Ranadhir Basu v. State of west Bengal67 the testimony of an approver was not accepted in respect of one of the co-accused for want of independent corro boration but the Court held that this did not have the effect of introducing any infirmity in her evidence or creating any doubt regarding her reliability as a witness. Yet in another case where the evidence of an approver implicated several accused persons, there should have been corroboration not only generally but also qua each accused, nevertheless corroboration from independent source of each and every circumstance was not made necessary. 8 This clearly indicates that the rule of prudence has underwent change where reliability precedes the need for corroboration yet the changes in Indian criminal justice system have yet to be incorporated when our predecessors have moved way ahead catering to the need of speedy justice. CONCLUSION The rules of evidence cannot be departed from, because there may be a strong moral conviction of guilt; for a judge cannot set himself above the law which he has to administer or make it or mould it to suit the exigencies of a particular occasion. 69 Suspicion cannot give probative force to testimony which in itself is insufficient to establish or to justify an inference of a particular fact. 0 Suspicion can be a ground for scrutiny cannot be made foundation of a decision for it is well known that the sea of suspicion has no shore and the court that embarks upon it is without rudder and compass. 71 In a criminal case no weight of preponderant evidence is sufficient, short of that which exclu des all reasonable doubt. Unbiased moral conviction is no sufficient foundation stone for a verdict against an accused. The degree of probability of guilt has got to be higher almost amounting to certainty than in a civil proceeding and if there is the slightest reasonable or probable chance of innocence of an accused, the benefit must be given to him. But that is quite different from suggesting that the burden of proof is different and the Act does not obviously contemplate that the satisfaction which is required to be caused in the mind of a prudent man before acting on or accepting the prosecution story is to be different kind or degree from the satisfaction which is required when the accused has to discharge the burden which is cast upon him by law. 72 Added to this it has to be bore in mind that unlike civil litigation, in criminal trials the judge has to decide the case on the basis of the evidence adduced before it and independently of decisions in litigation laid down for which a judgment or decision of a court is not available to be adduced as evidence in a case and is of only use to the extent to show the date and its legal consequence. 3 The onus of proof in criminal case never shifts to the accused, and they are under no obligation to prove their innocence or adduce evidence in their defense or make any statement. 74 Keeping this at the outset and the backdrop it can be sensed that the need for corroboration is on the basis that there is suspicion in the mind of the judge with regards to the character, the morality of the accomplice. This in turn has the disastrous effect as we see by making the trials lengthy, time consuming, and expensive. The number of appeals consequentially increases and the higher courts often become the courts of evidence than the court of law upsetting the entire system. The lack of corroboration often entails the rescue of the perpetrator and the only ground is lack of independent testimony of the accomplice witness. Realizing the facet that no set piece rule can be applied it seems a faulty approach that the lower courts in India have mechanically adhered to the rule of prudence making it an unbreakable and invincible dictate even when the intent behind the evolution has undergone changes and it is in this light that the judiciary should really step up in varying the terms of warning, in changing the order of the tests of reliability and corroboration, in inculcating the flexibility that initially was contemplated. ____________________________________________________________ ___________ 1-2 R v. Mullins 3 Cox Cr 526 (as per maule J. ) In two cases where the person is not participes criminis is also considered as an accomplice, namely a) receivers of stolen property b) where a person has been charged with a particular offence and evidence of other s imilar offences by him has been admitted as proving system and intent and negating accident persons who had been accomplices in the previous offences. (R. K. Dalmia v. Delhi Administration AIR 1962 SC 1821) 4 Ramaswami v. R 14 MLJ 226 (as per Subramania J. ), State v. Murli AIR 1957 All 53. (This definition has been based on the US definition of accomplice U. S. v. Neverson 14 Century Dig Col 1279. ) 5 Hussain Umar v. Dilip Singhji AIR 1970 SC 6 Jagannath v. Emperor AIR 1942 Oudh 221 7Ibid. 8 A principal of the first degree is one who actually commits the crime whilst a principal of the second degree is one who assists and prepares in the commission of the crime. Ismail Hasan Ali v. Emperor AIR 1947 Lah 220. 9 Ibid. 0 An accessory before the fact is one, who counsels, connives at, encourages or procures the commission of the crime and these are certainly accomplices and all accessories before the fact, if they participate in the preparation for the crime are accomplices but if their participation is limited to the knowledge that a crime is to be committed are not accomplices Ibid; Narain v. R 63 CLJ 191 11 Every person is an accessory to the fact that having knowledge of the fact committed by another person receives, relieves comforts or assists him in order to enable him to escape from punishment. All accessories after the fact do not have the same parameters of criminality and much depends upon the factual matrix at hand. Mahadeo v. The King AIR 1936 PC 242 12 Fost Cr Cas 341; 1 Russ Cr 21, 4 Bla Com 331, 1 Phil Ev 28 c. f. Sudipto Sarkar, V. R. Manohar, â€Å"Sarkar law of Evidence†, Vol 2, Wadhwa Nagpur Publications (16th ed, 2007) at page 2248. 13 Ibid (Sarkar on Evidence) 14 State of Bihar v. Sri